1) Text and theme of the mishnah (Berachot 3:6)

The mishnah continues the theme consent: immersion (tevilá) required, by decree of the rabbinical for studying Torah or pray when the person experienced seminal emission (baʿal keri). Raises a fine point: what happens if someone is already under a impurity more severe (e.g., zav or nidá), and also occurs seminal emission or an event halájicamente equivalent?

• Tanna kamá (opinion anonymously majority): even if you already have a tumá severe not resolved with this immersion, as required tevilá for seminal emission for the purposes of study/tefillah.
• Rabbi Yehuda: exempted that tevilá in these cases.

VIDEO CLASS #020 IN SPANISH

2) legal Framework: categories of impurity involved

To understand the logic, there is that to remember Vayikra/Leviticus 15, biblical basis of these tumot:

1. Baʿal keri: man with seminal emission. Tumá generally day, which ceases at dusk after tevilá (Lev 15:16).
2. Zav: abnormal flow male (other than semen). Tumá severe, with count seven-day clean, korban, etc (Lv 15:2-15).
3. Nidá: woman menstruante. Tumá severe that lasts for a specified period (Lev 15:19-24).
4. Woman that you downloaded semen (pôletet shikhvat zera): if you hold or expels semen within the 72 hours (limit discussed in jazal) from the relation, contracts/retains tumá of semen (Lev 15:18 in your application rabbinic).
5. Woman who had sex and then he saw blood nidá: falls under nidá (tumá severe) but the mishnah also considered to be the component of shikhvat zera in respect of the gezerá of tevilá linked to the study/tefillah.

Key point: The tevilá of the gezerá Ezra for baʿal keri do not delete tumot severe (zav/nidá). Their goal was to enable/study tefillah front kerínot “purify” integral to the subject.

VIDEO CLASS #020 IN ENGLISH

3) The gezerá of Ezra and his development talmudic

• Decree of Ezra: who had kerí should dive before studying Torah or pray. (Bavli Berachot 22a–b develops origins, scope and reasons).
• Motivations discussed in the Gemara: to raise the standard of kedushá and cleaning for words of Torah/tefillah; to curb excesses of conduct, intimate, etc
• Evolution: the Gemara records that the gezerá weakened/abrogated in practice by the bittul Torah generated (obstacle massive study/pray), being as hidur minhag in certain circles, not as a requirement of general rules.

In this context, our mishnah reflects the original frame the gezerá: even though there are already a tumá severe non-removable by this immersion, the event of semen active —according to tanna kamá— his own obligation tevilá to study/tefillah.

4) The three cases of the mishnah, explained

1. The manager also had seminal emission
   • State: it is zav (tumá severe ≥7 days). Happens kerí overlay.
   • Tanna kamá: the same should tevilá by the kerí if you want to study/pray.
   • Logic: the tevilá by kerí is a functional requirement (enable devarim shebikdushá), independent the tumá severe subsist.
2. Woman nidá that you downloaded semen (pôletet shikhvat zera)
   • State: it is nidá (tumá severe). Expels semen retained from a previous relationship (within the window relevant).
   • Tanna kamá: requires tevilá for the dimension of “semen” if you are looking to study/pray (in the frames in which the gezerá applicable).
   • Logic: again, attends the factor kerí/shikhvat zera although do not remove the tumá of nidá.
3. Woman who had sex and then he saw blood nidá
   • State: the relationship generates presence of semen; the vision of blood active nidá.
   • Tanna kamá: requires tevilá for the component of semen, while remaining nidá.
   • Logic: the act of tevilá directed to kerí is required per se study/pray.

Rabbi Yehuda: in the three cases, exempt. Its axis of interpretation, according to the suguiá, is that does not require a tevilá “inoperative” when anyway the person not enough tahará full; or, formulated talmúdicamente, disagrees the scope of the gezerá when it does not produce a practical effect of purification of integral.

5) Reading talmudic (Bavli Berachot 22a–b) and rishonim

• The suguiá it links closely to the mishnah, with the status of the gezerá of Ezra: its source, reasonscases exceptional and the practical reality later (cancellation by difficulty public/bittul Torah).
• Rishonim (Rif, Rosh, Tosafot, Ramban, Rashba) read that the core of the mishnah is not “purify” —impossible in tumot severe— but condition the ability to devarim shebikdushá front kerí.
• About Rabbi Yehudathe Gemara shaping up your kulá (exemption) becomes rules when the gezerá no longer governed in a binding manner to the public.

6) halachic Principle that underlies

There are two ways of understanding the tevilá “Ezra”:

1. As a technical requirement-ritual tied specifically the kerí, independent of other tumot:
   → Then, even in tumá severe, active (position of the tanna kamá in the mishnah).
2. As subrogation of purification effective (or as a barrier to practice that “raises the bar”):
   → If does not change the global status (still nidá/zav), not required (read according to Rabbi Yehuda).

The Gemara leaning historically to flexible (by bittul Torah), making the praxis follow, in practice, the spirit of Rabbi Yehuda.

7) Referral standards (psak) in the subsequent practice

• Talmud: slogan that the gezerá not maintained by the load imposed (Berachot 22b).
• Encoding medieval and later: the line, the majority states that today not required tevilá by kerí to studying Torah or pray.
• Minhagim: many maintained tevilá as hidur (e.g., before Shacharit, the eve of Shabbat/Yom Tov, preparations of personal purity), and netilat yadayim/cleaning is still recommended.
• Women: given that the y-axis here is the gezerá of Ezra about kerí to devarim shebikdushá, and that does not apply today as an obligation, the cases 2-3 are, in practice, no requirement of tevilá specific shikhvat zera for the purposes of study/tefillah (beyond their dinim own of nidá).
• Kohanim and themes of holiness linked to the Mikdash/terumá: another universe halachic; not to be confused with the gezerá of Ezra to study/tefillah in times without a Temple.

Synthesis of psak: the obligation mishnaica of tevilá front kerí, even superimposed on tumot severe (tanna kamá), it is not enforceable today by the cancellation practice the gezerá; Rabbi Yehuda, that exempt, is aligned with the normative practice. Who you want to be strict and keep tevilá as hidur one is based on sources and usual.

8) Observations of philological and case

• The trio of scenarios illustrates that the mishnah is not “purifying”: is regulating the access to words of Torah/tefillah front shikhvat zera.
• The case of pôletet shikhvat zera extends the shaft to “cum” the woman, stressing that the cause (existence of semen) is what triggered the tevilá according to the gezerá, although stay nidá.
• The window of 72 hours to pôletet derived from discussions amoraicos and tannaítas (non-uniform). The mishnah uses the functional category without setting the number.

9) Connections with other suguiot

• Berachot 20b–22b: all the package Ezra's decree, exceptions, and praxis.
• Nidá (early chapters) and Zavim/Mikvaot in the Mishnah: mechanics of counts, shiur of " mikveh (40 se á), etc
• Leviticus 15: base torática of the categories.

10) Conclusion operational

• In the plane mishnaico/theoretical: tanna kamá requires tevilá by kerí although the tumá more stay; Rabbi Yehuda the exempt.
• In the plane talmudic/post-talmudic: the gezerá of Ezra not maintained as a general obligation for bittul Torah; the practical halachic follow the exemption.
• Good practices: body cleansing, netilat yadayim, and —for those who take hidurim— tevilá prior to tefillah/study, especially in contexts of spiritual preparation.