{"id":224,"date":"2025-08-13T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-08-13T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=224"},"modified":"2026-01-23T16:30:12","modified_gmt":"2026-01-23T23:30:12","slug":"mishna-berajot-1-3-shema","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/mishna-berajot-1-3-shema\/","title":{"rendered":"Class #005 VIDEO \/ Berachot 1.3 \/ Bipolarity in the Creation and in the Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Base text (Berachot 1:3)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Beit Shammai<\/strong> says: One should recite the <em>Shema<\/em> as indicated in the text itself of the <em>Shema<\/em>. Therefore, for the night every person should rest on your side and recite the <em>Shema<\/em>in fulfillment of the verse: \u201cWhen thou liest down, and by the morning, you should stand up and recite the <em>Shema<\/em>in fulfillment of the verse: \u201cWhen thou risest up\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Beit Hillel<\/strong> says: Each person recites the <em>Shema<\/em> as it is, in the position that is most comfortable for you, both day and night, as it is said: \u201cAnd when you walk by the way,\u201d when one is not standing or reclining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If so, according to Beit Hillel, why it was said: \u201cWhen thou liest down and when thou risest up\u201d? This is simply to denote the <strong>time<\/strong>; the time in which the people go to bed and the time in which people are raised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The rabbi <strong>Tarf\u00f3n<\/strong> he said: once I was on the road, I stopped and I leaned to recite the <em>Shema<\/em> according to Beit Shammai. But I put myself in danger because of villains. The sages said to him, \u201cDeserved to be in danger, for having transgressed the opinion of Beit Hillel\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I. general Context of the treaty <em>Berachot<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The treaty <strong>Berachot<\/strong> open the Mishnah (and the whole of the Talmud) because it is about the <strong>recitation of the Shema and the Amid\u00e1<\/strong>, that is to say, the events of everyday life and universal of judaism: the recognition of the <em>Yijud Hashem<\/em> (divine oneness) and prayer.<br>In its first part (Berachot 1:1-1:3), the Mishnah defines the <strong>times and forms<\/strong> recitation <em>Shema<\/em>, a central text of judaism (Devarim \/ Deuteronomy 6:4-9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Mishnah 1:3 introduces the <strong>the first major dispute between Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel<\/strong>, paradigms of two styles of thought opposites:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Beit Shammai<\/strong>: literalist, strict, structural.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Beit Hillel<\/strong>: flexible, humanistic, interpretive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>VIDEO CLASS #005 IN SPANISH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"youtube-embed\" data-video_id=\"jn91l28vJVY\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Bipolarity in the Creation and in the Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible\" width=\"696\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jn91l28vJVY?feature=oembed&#038;enablejsapi=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">II. Central theme: physical posture and time of the <em>Shema<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The physical position according to Beit Shammai<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Beit Shammai interpreted literally, the text:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cWhen thou liest down (<em>beshochbeja<\/em>) and when thou risest up (<em>uvekumija<\/em>)\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>By the <strong>night<\/strong>one must <strong>bedtime<\/strong> physically to recite it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>By the <strong>morning<\/strong>, you must <strong>stand up<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This approach represents a <strong>literal reading of the Torah<\/strong>, where the outer form of compliance reflects the text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. The interpretation of Beit Hillel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Beit Hillel, however, read the same verses from a key <strong>temporary, non-physical<\/strong>. The text refers to the moments of the day \u2014\u201cwhen people go to bed\u201d and \u201cwhen we rise\u201d\u2014 that is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Night \u2192 bedtime.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The morning \u2192 time to get up.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, the <strong>body position is irrelevant<\/strong>; you can recite walking, standing, or lying down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The verse \u201cand when you walk by the way\u201d reinforces his argument: the <em>Shema<\/em> you should be able recited in any circumstance daily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>VIDEO CLASS #005 IN ENGLISH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"youtube-embed\" data-video_id=\"ZIPnnXAfE7c\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Bipolarity in Creation and in the Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible\" width=\"696\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZIPnnXAfE7c?feature=oembed&#038;enablejsapi=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">III. The case of Rabbi Tarf\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The testimony of Rabbi Tarf\u00f3n serves as <strong>case study and sobering<\/strong>.<br>Even though he belonged to the school of Hillel, he decided to follow Shammai, thinking that met a stricter version and \u201csafe\u201d of the mitzvah (<em>yetz\u00e9 yed\u00e9i kol hadeyot<\/em> \u2014 out of all legal questions).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, in doing so, <strong>exposed to danger<\/strong> of thieves (probably of night, at a stop on a road).<br>The wise criticized severely:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cDeserved it put your life at risk, because transgrediste the decision of Beit Hillel.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>This comment underscores a halachic principle key:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>The halacha follows Beit Hillel<\/strong>, and is not allowed to be \u201cmore strict\u201d than them if that means rejecting their authority, or to generate danger.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IV. Classical interpretations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Rashi<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rashi clarifies that the disagreement is not only technical, but <strong>hermeneutic<\/strong>:<br>Beit Shammai interpreted the words literally, while Beit Hillel understood contextually.<br>In addition, Rashi points out that the criticism of the Rabbi Tarf\u00f3n was not put your life at risk per se, but by <strong>reject the psak halachah (decision rules)<\/strong> established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Rambam (Maimonides)<\/strong> \u2013 <em>Mishn\u00e9 Torah, Hilchot Kriat Shema 2:1-2<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Rambam codifies the law according to Beit Hillel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cYou may recite the Shema in any position: standing, sitting, lying down, walking...\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>And he adds: \"even if one is busy or on the move, you should not stop necessarily.<br>Maimonides emphasizes the <strong>balance between devotion and common sense<\/strong>: the Torah does not require stiffness that disrupts daily life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>Tosafot<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tosafot highlights the danger that faced him, Rabbi, Tarf\u00f3n illustrates that <strong>\u201cmercy without judgment\u201d may be converted into transgression<\/strong>. That is to say, the intention of holiness does not justify disobedience to the rule, or put lives at risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <strong>Me iri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The'me iri, quoted in the text that you shared, provides a reading psychological:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThe Shema should be said with inner calm, not necessarily with a specific pose, but with a disposition of the heart.\u201d<br>As well, the mention of the postures (\u201clying down\u201d and \u201cup\u201d) refers to <strong>states of consciousness<\/strong> \u2014rest and wakefulness\u2014, ideal moments to affirm the oneness of the divine.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V. Teaching halachic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>halachah end<\/strong> follow <strong>fully Beit Hillel<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <em>Shema<\/em> can be recited <strong>in any position<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The expressions \u201cwhen thou liest down and when thou risest up\u201d defined <strong>schedules<\/strong>not the poses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In practice:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Shema of the night<\/em> \u2192 since the fall of the night until midnight (preferable) or to dawn (in case of need).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Shema in the morning<\/em> \u2192 since the dawn until the third hour of the day.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VI. Symbolic dimension and ethics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Beyond the technical halachic, this Mishnah there is a profound <strong>spiritual lesson<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Beit Shammai represents the <strong>accuracy textual and discipline ritual<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Beit Hillel embodies the <strong>adaptation of the Torah to the real life and to human well-being<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Rabbi Tarf\u00f3n learned that true <em>yirat shamayim<\/em> (reverence heavenly) is not rigid, but in <strong>follow the living tradition of the people<\/strong> and to respect the consensus of the scholars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the words of the Maharal of Prague:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cBeit Shammai's view of the world as it should be; Beit Hillel, as it really is.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VII. Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Berachot 1:3<\/strong> is not only about how to recite the <em>Shema<\/em>but how to live the Torah:<br>between the text and the reality, between the letter and the spirit, between devotion and common sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The essential message is clear:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>It is not enough to comply, you must do so in accordance with the living tradition of the people of Israel and with awareness of the environment.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultimately, the <em>Shema<\/em> \u2014recited day and night\u2014 represents the <strong>continuity of the recognition of the divine in every moment<\/strong>beyond the posture of the body or the external conditions.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mishn\u00e1 Berajot 1:3: Beit Hillel y el Shem\u00e1<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":225,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[347,727],"tags":[72,71,79,75,73,77,78,76,74],"class_list":{"0":"post-224","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-berajot","8":"category-mishna_capitulo_a_capitulo","9":"tag-005-2","10":"tag-71","11":"tag-bipolaridad","12":"tag-clase-005","13":"tag-clase-5","14":"tag-hillel","15":"tag-shamai","16":"tag-video-005","17":"tag-video-5"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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