{"id":465,"date":"2025-08-03T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-08-03T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=465"},"modified":"2025-12-06T16:50:52","modified_gmt":"2025-12-06T23:50:52","slug":"targum-yerushalmi-estudio-completo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/targum-yerushalmi-estudio-completo\/","title":{"rendered":"Targum Yerushalmi: when the Torah is returned to living word in aramaic"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We start with a famous quote on the <strong>Targum Yerushalmi<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\"All translation is a resurrection: what the text is silent, the spirit of the translator makes it to speak to you again\"<\/strong><br>\u2014 <em>Inspired by the thought of Martin Buber<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Complete study of the <strong>Targum Yerushalmi<\/strong> (also called \u201cTargum of Jerusalem\u201d)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) What it is and why so many names<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>General sense.<\/strong> \u201cTargum Yerushalmi\u201d designates the <em>targumim western<\/em> (palestinians) of the Pentateuch: translation\u2013paraphrase in aramaic, a western with extensive glosses midr\u00e1shicas. In the Middle Ages, \u201cYerushalmi\u201d is abreviaba <strong>\u05ea\u05f4\u05d9 (TY)<\/strong>later, printers misread that acronym as <strong>\u201cTargum Yonat\u00e1n\u201d<\/strong>, attributing it wrongly to Jonathan ben Uzziel (who, according to Meguil\u00e1 3a, translated <strong>Nevi'im<\/strong>not the Torah). That's why, in the modern critical text the most widespread of this group is called <strong>Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (TPsJ)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Family text.<\/strong> Under the label \u201cYerushalmi\/Palestinian\u201d there are currently three main witnesses of the Pentateuch: <strong>Neofiti 1<\/strong>, the <strong>Fragment Targums<\/strong> (or Targumim Fragmented) and <strong>Pseudo-Jonathan<\/strong>. Share-based western and layers exegetical related, but they are not identical nor peers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Corpus and manuscripts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Targum <strong>Pseudo-Jonathan<\/strong> (TPsJ)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Status text.<\/strong> Survives <strong>in a single complete manuscript<\/strong> (British Library <strong>Add. 27031<\/strong>, copied in Italy, s. XVI) and in the <strong>venetian edition of 1591<\/strong>first printed (<em>editio princeps<\/em>). The modern editions depend on these two witnesses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Editorial history.<\/strong> Published by <strong>M. Ginsburger<\/strong> (1903), and re-released critically in the XX century (e.g., Rieder). There are facsimiles and reproductions of the printed venetian available.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 <strong>Fragment Targums<\/strong> and <strong>Geniz\u00e1 Cairo<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fragmentary.<\/strong> Set of fragments palestinians (sometimes called <em>Targum Yerushalmi II\/III<\/em>), preserved in manuscripts, and in the <strong>Geniz\u00e1 of Fustat<\/strong>; fundamental to reconstruct the tradition palestine prior to the copies late. Editions and catalogs key: <strong>Michael L. Klein<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Context Geniz\u00e1.<\/strong> The Geniz\u00e1 Cairo (Ben Ezra, Fustat) brought thousands of fragments of medieval europe, including the targumim palestinians, that fine tunes the story text.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3) Language and dating<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dialect.<\/strong> Aramaic <strong>western late<\/strong> (often classified as <em>Late Jewish Literary Aramaic<\/em> with features of galilee), distinct from the eastern aramaic of <strong>Onquelos<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dating TPsJ.<\/strong> The work is <strong>composed and stratified<\/strong>: incorporate old materials (talmudic and midr\u00e1shicos), but its <strong>final draft is late<\/strong>. Modern research places <strong>after the islamic conquests<\/strong> (proposed dates between s. IV\u2013XII; most: high Middle Ages), with assumptions of <strong>reprocessing in Italy (s. XII onwards)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4) Profile exegetical and literary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Translation + paraphrase.<\/strong> There is a version \u201cliteral\u201d but a <strong>paraphrase midr\u00e1shica<\/strong> that inserts halachah, <em>aggad\u00e1<\/em>, genealogies amplified, glosses cosmological notes and controversial-didactic. Usually harmonize the Hebrew rabbinic traditions later (e.g., <em>Midrash Rabbah<\/em>), and in key passages offers readings theological developed (Creation, Eden, Aqed\u00e1, Sinai).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Internal comparison.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Onquelos<\/strong>: more literal, dialect eastern liturgical use policy in the field babylonian.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Neofiti\/Fragmented<\/strong>share profile palestinian; often <strong>closest<\/strong> in early traditions that certain expansions late TPsJ.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5) Use, reception and attributions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>In the Middle Ages.<\/strong> Italian authors met two \u201cYerushalmi\u201d complete (one wrongly called \u201cYonat\u00e1n\u201d), and the confusion <strong>TY = Yerushalmi\/Yonat\u00e1n<\/strong> was consolidated in printed post-medieval. Much modern scholarship reinstated the nomenclature <strong>Pseudo-Jonathan<\/strong> for the Pentateuch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Function.<\/strong> Although <strong>no<\/strong> it was the targum liturgical standard, published as <strong>tool school and exegetical<\/strong>, influencing in the comments and compendiums devotional; its density midr\u00e1shica what it was useful for the <strong>catechesis<\/strong> and the <strong>homiletics<\/strong>. (Inference based on your profile and in your conservation editorial).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6) Themes and characteristic features of the TPsJ<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tweens spacious<\/strong> to connect Torah with rabbinic traditions (e.g., expansion in <strong>Gen 3<\/strong>, <strong>Ex 12<\/strong>, <strong>Deut 6<\/strong>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Colourful palestinian<\/strong>: place names and customs of Eretz Israel; occasional calques of <strong>Talmud Yerushalmi<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Layers<\/strong>: traces of <strong>Onquelos<\/strong> and a <strong>\u201cTargum Palestinian old\u201d<\/strong> behind it, on which are mounted enlargements are more recent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7) Value historical-philological<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>For the history of judaism western<\/strong>: reveals how <strong>taught and explained<\/strong> the Torah in palestinian media and mediterranean tardomedievales.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>For the history of the aramaic<\/strong>: store <strong>aramaic western late<\/strong> with useful features to dialectology (compared to the standard eastern Onquelos).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>For the biblical criticism<\/strong>: sample <strong>exegesis sinagogal<\/strong> live: translation pedagogical, theology, narrative and controversial religious latent in some passages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Under the name <strong>Targum Yerushalmi<\/strong> coexist several witnesses of the Pentateuch. The most widespread, <strong>TPsJ<\/strong>, is a <strong>paraphrase western aramaic<\/strong> with strong <strong>layers midr\u00e1shicas<\/strong> and <strong>final draft in late<\/strong>. Your value is not set, the \u201cHebrew text\u201d, but <strong>show how it is taught and teologiz\u00f3 the Torah<\/strong> in western circles, while preserving a language and an exegesis that balance ancient tradition with reprocessing medieval.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Targum Yerushalmi: complete study and textual origin<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[344],"tags":[370],"class_list":{"0":"post-465","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-targumim","8":"tag-targum-yerushalmi"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Targum Yerushalmi: estudio completo y origen textual - La Mishn\u00e1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Estudio completo del Targum Yerushalmi: manuscritos, dialecto, variantes y perfil midr\u00e1shico del Targum Pseudo-Jonathan y sus tradiciones.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/targum-yerushalmi-estudio-completo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Targum Yerushalmi: estudio completo y origen textual - 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