{"id":536,"date":"2025-08-30T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-08-30T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=536"},"modified":"2025-12-23T20:28:37","modified_gmt":"2025-12-24T03:28:37","slug":"los-macabeos-estudio-completo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/los-macabeos-estudio-completo\/","title":{"rendered":"Faith and sword: The epic of the Maccabees"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This is a phrase symbolic:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cDo not be afraid of their multitude, nor of their strength arrogant, because in us is the Lord who will save us.\u201d<\/strong><br>\u2014 <em>Judas Maccabeus (1 Maccabees 3:18)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Complete study on <strong>The Maccabees<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) historical Context (II century a. C.)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After the conquests of Alexander, Judea is among the hellenistic kingdoms. Under the seleucid <strong>Antiochus IV Epiphanes<\/strong> (175-164 to. C.) are imposed decrees that violate jewish Law and profane the Temple. The answer is <strong>revolt of the Hasmonaeans<\/strong> (priestly family, led by Mattathias and his sons, Judas, Jonathan and Simon), which culminates with autonomy and then independence of Judaea, (reigned hasmoneo).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) The corpus \u201cMaccabeus\u201d and your canonicidad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1 and 2 Maccabees<\/strong>: canonical in Churches, catholic and orthodox; <strong>deuterocanonical<\/strong> to catholicism; <strong>apocrypha<\/strong> for protestantism; <strong>do not integrate<\/strong> the Tanakh jewish.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>3 Maccabees<\/strong>: canon in several orthodox Churches (anagignoskomena); non-canonical for both catholics and protestants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>4 Maccabees<\/strong>: treaty philosophical tradition of hellenistic-jewish; in other editions of the Greek orthodox is usually included in the appendix.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>deuterocan\u00f3nico\u201d alludes to <strong>canonical recognition reaffirmed late<\/strong> in the West (e.g., Florence, 1442; Trent, 1546), not to \u201cinferiority\u201d doctrinal in the use catholic. In the orthodox world, the term is used with specific nuances.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3) Summary and literary profile of each book<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(A) <strong>1 Maccabees<\/strong> (historiography patriotic; ca. 100-90 a. C.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Content<\/strong>: Of Antiochus IV to the death of <strong>Simon<\/strong> (175-135 to. C.). Tells uprising, campaigns <strong>Judas<\/strong>, leadership <strong>Jonathan<\/strong> and consolidation with <strong>Simon<\/strong>; pact with Rome; <strong>dedication of the Temple<\/strong> (the origin of Hanukkah).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Language and composition<\/strong>: Likely <strong>original Hebrew<\/strong> lost; preserved in the Greek of the LXX. Understated style, anal, calendar seleucid.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thesis<\/strong>: legitimacy of dynastic hasmonean; divine providence-mediated military events and politicians (almost without miracles).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(B) <strong>2 Maccabees<\/strong> (the epitome hellenistic; final s. II. C.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Content<\/strong>: Compendium (a <strong>epitome<\/strong>) a story in <strong>five volumes<\/strong> of <strong>Jason of Cyrene<\/strong>; covers approx. 175-161 to. C., culminating in the victory of Judas on <strong>Nicanor<\/strong>. Theological approach: <strong>martyrdom, atonement, resurrection<\/strong> and <strong>prayer for the deceased<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Key passage<\/strong>: <strong>2 Mac 12:43-45<\/strong> (collect for the fallen and their effectiveness \u201cin the light of the resurrection\u201d).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Style<\/strong>: rhetoric, pathos, miracles; theology of retribution historical immediately.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C) <strong>3 Maccabees<\/strong> (novel\/story uplifting; s. I a. C.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Plot<\/strong>: Chase <strong>Egypt<\/strong> low <strong>Ptolemy IV<\/strong> and salvation prodigious (elephants). Don't deal with the revolt macabea; explains a <strong>party type Purim<\/strong> in the egyptian diaspora.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D) <strong>4 Maccabees<\/strong> (rant philosophical; s. I d. C.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Theme<\/strong>: Primacy of the <strong>reason godly<\/strong> on the passions; stoic-jewish; it exalts the <strong>martyrs<\/strong> (mother and seven brothers). More treaty that story.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4) Made, party and reception<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hanukkah: what to say (and not say) the Maccabees<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1 Mac 4<\/strong> tells the <strong>purification and dedication of the altar<\/strong> (hanukkat has-mizbea\u1e25) and fixed the annual commemoration of <strong>eight days<\/strong>; <strong>not mentioned<\/strong> the \u201cmiracle of the oil\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The story of the <strong>oil that lasted eight days<\/strong> appears centuries later in the <strong>Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 21b<\/strong>not in 1-2 Maccabees.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Josephus<\/strong> know and spread the name <strong>\u201cFestival of Lights\u201d<\/strong>; his explanation emphasizes the release more than a miracle oil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5) theological and political Issues key<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Identity and hellenism<\/strong>: conflict intra-jewish between <strong>helenizantes<\/strong> and <strong>pious<\/strong> (\u1e25asidim). 1 Maccabees legitimizes the <strong>sovereignty<\/strong> hasmonean; 2 Maccabees underlines the <strong>fidelity worship<\/strong> and the punishment\/atonement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Martyrdom and resurrection<\/strong>: 2 Mac 7 (mother and seven children) and 12:43-45 sustain future resurrection and effectiveness of <strong>prayers for the deceased<\/strong> (a cornerstone of catholic practice).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Providence and history<\/strong>: 1 Mac tells causality \u201csober\u201d; 2 Mac accentuates miraculous intervention and <strong>remuneration<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6) historical Value and sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1 Maccabees<\/strong>: considered <strong>witness historic first order<\/strong> (although pro-Hasmoneo); its chronology and geography hold the frame of the period 175-135 to. C.; <strong>Josephus<\/strong> depends extensively on him.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2 Maccabees<\/strong>: more <strong>theological and rhetorical<\/strong>provides independent data (e.g., martyrdom) but selected for their message.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>External support<\/strong>: numismatics, postage stamps anf\u00f3ricos, archaeology regional confirm the <strong>state-building hasmonean<\/strong> and its expansion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7) Dating, language, and transmission of textual<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1 Maccabees<\/strong>: composition in the <strong>kingdom hasmoneo<\/strong>probably <strong>Hebrew<\/strong>, which is now lost; transmitted in Greek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2 Maccabees<\/strong>: <strong>Greek<\/strong>; <strong>epitome<\/strong> Jason of Cyrene (original work lost).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>3 Maccabees<\/strong>: <strong>Greek alexandrian<\/strong>; s. I a. C.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>4 Maccabees<\/strong>: rant philosophical <strong>Greek<\/strong>with influx <strong>stoic<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8) Canonicidad by traditions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Catholic<\/strong>: 1-2 Mac <strong>canonical<\/strong> (deuterocanonical); reaffirmed in Florence and Trento.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Orthodox<\/strong>: 1-2 Mac and <strong>3 Mac<\/strong> within the corpus bible read; <strong>4 Mac<\/strong> in appendix Greek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Protestant<\/strong>: 1-2 Mac <strong>Apocrypha<\/strong> (useful but non-normative); 3-4 Mac outside of the canon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Judaism<\/strong>: is not part of the Tanakh; the memory of the period remains pathway <strong>Hanukkah<\/strong> and rabbinic literature later.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9) Chronology essential (quick view)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>175-167 to. C.<\/strong>: measures of Antiochus IV; a crisis in Jerusalem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>167-160 to. C.<\/strong>: leadership <strong>Judas<\/strong>; victory over <strong>Nicanor<\/strong> (161).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>160-142 to. C.<\/strong>: stage <strong>Jonathan<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>142-135 to. C.<\/strong>: <strong>Simon<\/strong> and with full autonomy; died 135.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10) How to read critically (key scan)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Distinguishing genera<\/strong>: 1 Mac = chronic political-military; 2 Mac = history theological miracles; 3 Mac = story uplifting in Egypt; 4 Mac = philosophical essay.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bias<\/strong>: 1 Mac <strong>pro-Hasmoneo<\/strong>; 2 Mac <strong>pro-cult\/Jerusalem<\/strong> and anti-helenizantes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cross with Josephus<\/strong> and with material evidence to separate theology of history.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hanukkah without oil in Maccabees<\/strong>: the miracle of the oil is <strong>late<\/strong> (Shabbat 21b), useful to understand the evolution of liturgical and symbolic.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11) Impact later<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Liturgy and doctrine<\/strong>: 2 Mac supports, in catholic tradition, the <strong>prayer for the deceased<\/strong> (2 Mac 12:43-45).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Model of resistance<\/strong>: \u201cMartyrs maccabees\u201d as an archetype in judaism, hellenistic and early christian communities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To <strong>political history and military<\/strong>, start <strong>1 Maccabees<\/strong>; contrast with Josephus, and archaeology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To <strong>theology of martyrdom, resurrection, and prayer for the deceased<\/strong>, read <strong>2 Maccabees<\/strong> (caps. 6-7 and 12).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To <strong>context diasp\u00f3rico and literature uplifting<\/strong>, review <strong>3 Maccabees<\/strong>; for <strong>ethics and reason-faith<\/strong>, <strong>4 Maccabees<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Faith and sword: The epic of the Maccabees<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":537,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[396],"class_list":{"0":"post-536","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-apocrifos","8":"tag-macabeos"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Los Macabeos: historia, libros, Januc\u00e1 y canonicidad - La Mishn\u00e1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Estudio sobre los Macabeos: contexto hist\u00f3rico, 1\u20134 Macabeos, Januc\u00e1, temas teol\u00f3gicos, valor hist\u00f3rico y canonicidad por tradiciones.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/los-macabeos-estudio-completo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Los Macabeos: historia, libros, Januc\u00e1 y canonicidad - La Mishn\u00e1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Estudio sobre los Macabeos: contexto hist\u00f3rico, 1\u20134 Macabeos, Januc\u00e1, temas teol\u00f3gicos, valor hist\u00f3rico y canonicidad por tradiciones.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/los-macabeos-estudio-completo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"La Mishn\u00e1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/lamishnatv\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-08-30T11:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-12-24T03:28:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ChatGPT-Image-1-nov-2025-03_33_55-p.m.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"667\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Abel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LaMishnaTV\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LaMishnaTV\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Abel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/los-macabeos-estudio-completo\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/los-macabeos-estudio-completo\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Abel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/816776c7e2f4eb6d64c4d19f1dfc2a02\"},\"headline\":\"Fe y espada: La epopeya de los Macabeos\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-08-30T11:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-24T03:28:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/los-macabeos-estudio-completo\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1030,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/los-macabeos-estudio-completo\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/11\\\/ChatGPT-Image-1-nov-2025-03_33_55-p.m.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Macabeos\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Ap\u00f3crifos &amp; 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