{"id":706,"date":"2025-07-28T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=706"},"modified":"2025-12-04T16:34:07","modified_gmt":"2025-12-04T23:34:07","slug":"midrash-sifre-estructura-metodo-historia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/midrash-sifre-estructura-metodo-historia\/","title":{"rendered":"Midrash Sifr\u00e9: the voice tanaita that gave way to rabbinic judaism"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cHear, o Israel: do not to hear, but to understand and comply with.\u201d<\/strong><br>\u2014 <em>Midrash Sifr\u00e9 on Deuteronomy 6:4.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) What is Sifr\u00e9 and what it covers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nature<\/strong>: midrash <strong>halachic<\/strong>with sections ag\u00e1dicas; says selectively Numbers, and almost all of Deuteronomy in units called <em>pisqot<\/em> (paras).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dating and character<\/strong>: work <strong>tanaita<\/strong> (II\u2013III centuries), above a great part of the Talmud of Babylon, and cited often by it, and by the Jerusalem Talmud.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Authorship, schools, and ideological profile<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sifr\u00e9 Numbers<\/strong>: reflects the <strong>school of R. Ishmael<\/strong> (method close to the <em>Mekhilta<\/em> of R. Ishmael: strong attention to the context and rules of hermeneutics \u201cpractices\u201d).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sifr\u00e9 To Deuteronomy<\/strong>: mostly in the <strong>school of R. Akiva<\/strong>with anonimatos that usually correspond to <strong>R. Shimon bar Yochai<\/strong>; sandwiched prologues and epilogues ag\u00e1dicos.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Implication<\/strong>: contrast <strong>Ishmael (Num.) \/ Akiva (Deut.)<\/strong> allows you to observe two styles exegetical tanaitas: one more philological-contextual and another more systematic-formalist in the legal referral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cEach letter of the Torah is a mountain of sense.\u201d<\/strong><br>\u2014 <em>Tradition of the school of R. Ishmael.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3) Structure and content<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Deuteronomy<\/strong> usually transmitted on <strong>~357 <em>pisqot<\/em><\/strong> (covers most, but not all, of the verses), with a large central block halachic (nos. 53-303) flanked by material ag\u00e1dico.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Numbers<\/strong> combines halachah with ag\u00e1d\u00e1; an example famous is his treatment of <strong>Sotah<\/strong>where the deduction lawful differs from the approach to talmudic later, showing layers and tensions in the tradition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4) Story text: print, manuscripts and critical editions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Editio princeps<\/strong>: Venice, press <strong>Daniel Bomberg<\/strong>, <strong>1545\/1546<\/strong>; marked the spread of printed Sifr\u00e9 on Numbers and Deuteronomy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Critical edition of Sifr\u00e9 Numbers<\/strong>: <strong>H. S. Horovitz<\/strong>Leipzig <strong>1917<\/strong>; the first critical edition of a text tanaita with apparatus of variants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Critical edition of Sifr\u00e9 to Deuteronomy<\/strong>: <strong>Louis Finkelstein<\/strong>, Berlin <strong>1939<\/strong> (reprinted by JTS, 2001); text-based modern (ms. and witnesses, printed\/indirect).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Witnesses<\/strong>: Finkelstein worked with five versions almost complete (editio princeps + 4 mss.), fragments of the Geniz\u00e1 and compilations secondary (<em>Yalqut Shimoni<\/em>, <em>Midrash \u1e24akhamim<\/em>, etc).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cWho plays with humility, builds up the Law; who plays with pride, destroys it.\u201d<\/strong><br>\u2014 <em>Saying attributed to the sages of the Sanhedrin.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5) Sifr\u00e9 Zu\u1e6da (third component, fragment)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sifr\u00e9 Zu\u1e6da (Numbers)<\/strong>: midrash tanaita <strong>s. III<\/strong>, lost for centuries and <strong>rebuilt<\/strong> from dating to medieval and <strong>fragments of the Geniz\u00e1 Cairo<\/strong>; we now have editions\/estudios filol\u00f3gicos partial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6) hermeneutical Method and techniques of reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tools<\/strong>: <em>gezer\u00e1 shav\u00e1<\/em>, <em>heq\u00e9sh<\/em>, inclusion\/exclusion rules, attention to particles, duplications, and order of words; in Deuteronomy is observed <strong>style akiviano<\/strong> (amplified regulations from minimal textual).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Relationship with other midrashim hal\u00e1jicos<\/strong>: <strong>Sifr\u00e1 (Leviticus)<\/strong> and <strong>Mekhilta<\/strong> (Exodus) form with Sifr\u00e9 the triangle tanaita basic; the convergences\/divergences allow to map \u201cschools\u201d and chronologies concerning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cIt is not the lyrics that gives life, but the intent of the heart.\u201d<\/strong><br>\u2014 <em>Maximum midr\u00e1shica of time tanaita, related to the exegesis of the Sifr\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7) legal Issues highlights<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Judicial authority and the criminal<\/strong> (Deut. 17), <strong>procedure of false witnesses<\/strong>, <strong>laws of war<\/strong>, <strong>rights of the labourer<\/strong>, <strong>divorce and widow inheritance<\/strong>, <strong>bikurim<\/strong> and <strong>ma asher<\/strong>, <strong>social justice<\/strong> and treatment of <strong>ger<\/strong> (a stranger). The selection and the reasoning exhibited how the text deuteron\u00f3mico becomes <strong>operating code<\/strong> for the practice tanaita. (Characterization general based on the division halachic of SD and thematic lists common in the literature).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8) Reception and influence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Quoted extensively<\/strong> in both Talmuds, and by commentators medieval; many <em>sugyot<\/em> assume your reading and techniques. In addition, some of the passages preserved by Rashi and other sources are not already in our specimens, signal <strong>losses textual<\/strong> old.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9) the State of the text today: where and how to study it<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Texts and translations<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sifr\u00e9 Devarim<\/strong> (trads. English <strong>Reuven Hammer<\/strong> and <strong>Jacob Neusner<\/strong>; translation\/commentary as updated by <strong>M. Jaffee<\/strong>, available online).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sifr\u00e9 Bamidbar<\/strong> and <strong>Devarim<\/strong> (Hebrew + English) accessible on platforms rabbinical text.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Critical editions<\/strong> recommended: <strong>Horovitz (SN, 1917)<\/strong> and <strong>Finkelstein (SD, 1939)<\/strong>, base philological standard in research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cThe silence of the text arises the voice of the wise.\u201d<\/strong><br>\u2014 <em>Comment of rabbinic tradition on the art of interpretation midr\u00e1shica.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10) Problems philological and controversies spot<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gaps and variants<\/strong>: Sifr\u00e9 presents <strong>omissions<\/strong> and <strong>corruptions<\/strong>; there are passages cited by medieval missing in our copies, forcing the <strong>textual criticism compared<\/strong> (mss., <em>Yalqut<\/em>, quotes talmudic).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dating medieval christian<\/strong> (e.g., <strong>Raymundus Martini<\/strong>) attributed paragraphs christological <strong>not present<\/strong> in the texts of modern Sifr\u00e9; the erudition current are considered alien to the authentic tradition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11) Value historiogr\u00e1fico<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Primary source<\/strong> to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>formation of the right<\/strong> tanaita between the schools of <strong>Ishmael<\/strong> and <strong>Akiva<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The transition of <strong>Torah<\/strong> to <strong>normative rabbinic<\/strong> applied.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The study compared with <strong>Sifr\u00e1<\/strong> and <strong>Mekhilta<\/strong> profile <strong>hermeneutical methods<\/strong> and <strong>doctrinal developments<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cThe Torah was not given to angels, but to men who hesitate.\u201d<\/strong><br>\u2014 <em>Sifr\u00e9 Devarim 11:22.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Midrash Sifr\u00e9: the voice tanaita that gave way to rabbinic judaism<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":707,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[343],"tags":[461],"class_list":{"0":"post-706","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-midrashim","8":"tag-midrash-sifre"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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