{"id":892,"date":"2025-10-15T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-15T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=892"},"modified":"2025-12-15T18:59:12","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T01:59:12","slug":"testamento-de-job-apocrifo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/testamento-de-job-apocrifo\/","title":{"rendered":"The Testament of Job: The last voice of the righteous"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cWho destroys an idol awakens the fury of evil, but also the favor of the living God.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. What is the Testament of Job?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is a work of the <strong>literature intertestamentaria<\/strong> (between OT and NT), part of the so-called <strong>Pseudep\u00edgrafos of the Old Testament<\/strong>, texts attributed to biblical characters but written much later.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is presented as the <strong>last words of Job<\/strong> their sons and daughters before you die: a sort of spiritual testament, in which he recounts his story, interprets their tests and stop moral exhortations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not directly dependent on the canonical text of Job, but that <strong>reworked the tradition of Job so midr\u00e1shica and legendary<\/strong>: extended, modified and redefined history.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary: it is a <strong>story jewish hellenistic period\/roman<\/strong>, tone, narrative and uplifting, which uses the figure of Job to teach patience, fidelity, rejection of idolatry and hope in the face of suffering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Canonical situation and use in religious traditions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>It is not canon<\/strong> in judaism nor in the churches: catholic, orthodox, or protestant. Is treated as apocryphal literature\/pseudepigr\u00e1fica.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, it was well-known and transmitted in <strong>circles of Egypt and the christian East<\/strong>, which explains why we have manuscripts copts, greeks and slavs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In biblical studies to modern, it is used as <strong>source for understanding the late judaism<\/strong>, certain currents of spirituality (los angeles, hymns, \u201cto speak with tongues of angels\u201d), and the reception of the old figure of Job.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Manuscripts, language, and transmission of textual<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 original Language<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The majority of specialists today consider that the <strong>the original was written in Greek<\/strong>. In the past it was proposed an original Hebrew or aramaic, but that stance has lost strength in the face of linguistic analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Witnesses manuscripts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The main witnesses are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Copy coptic (V century)<\/strong>: fragmentary, but very old; it shows that the book was circulated in areas egyptian christians.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Greek manuscripts<\/strong>: at least four codices main, from which have been made critical editions, modern (Brock 1967, Kraft 1974).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Version slavonic old<\/strong>: based in several manuscripts between the XIV-XVIII; his textual tradition seems to <strong>independent<\/strong> the main lines of Greek, preserving the readings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3 critical Work modern<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Critical editions and studies of reference: Sebastian Brock (1967), Robert A. Kraft (1974), and the monograph comprehensive <strong>Maria Haralambakis, <em>The Testament of Job: Text, Narrative and Reception History<\/em> (2012)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Recent studies discussed the <strong>\u201ctraits jews and christians\u201d<\/strong> in the text, and the possible intervention of editors later christian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cPatience is not silent: it is spiritual resistance to what you want to quebrarte.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Date and place of composition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1 Dating<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The majority of scholars situates the work:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Between the <strong>the I century a. C. and the first century ad. C.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>That is to say, in the <strong>the Second Temple period late<\/strong>a contemporary of other apocalyptic writings and wisdom jews.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The argument is based on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Traits language to the Greek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parallelos with jewish traditions \u201cmidr\u00e1shicas\u201d pre-christian.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The absence of christology explicit, although there are possible touch-ups later christian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2 Origin and geographical<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two main hypotheses:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Palestine<\/strong>: its strong anchoring in jewish traditions, issues of idolatry and worship.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Egypt (Alexandria or circles egyptian jews)<\/strong>: by the use of the Greek, the transmission coptic later, and certain cultural traits.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Conclusion: it is prudent to say that it is a work <strong>jewish eastern Mediterranean<\/strong>probably in an environment where the Greek was a language of culture, and then widely <strong>christianised in your transmission<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cNo hit the opponent can overcome the heart that remains intact.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Literary genre and structure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 Gender<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fits in the genre of <strong>\u201cwills\u201d<\/strong>: the speeches at the end of a biblical character (such as the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Testament of Moses, etc), where the patriarch tells, urges, and prophesy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mix:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Narrative hagiogr\u00e1fica<\/strong> (the life and trials of a righteous),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Story folk\/midr\u00e1shico<\/strong> (add episodes legendary),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and <strong>par\u00e9nesis<\/strong> (moral exhortations, and spiritual).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2 basic Structure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There are small differences depending on the edition, but globally it can be split like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Introduction<\/strong>: Context of the final illness of Job, calls sons and daughters to say goodbye.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Autobiography<\/strong> of Job (a large part of the work):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>His past life, wealth, and justice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The destruction of a temple idolatrous, and the hatred of Satan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The tests suffered, views from a new perspective.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Role of the wife and family<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The wife Sitidos (the name does not appear in the Bible) has a central role: its dialogue with the Job of accentuating the contrast between despair and patience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appearance key of the <strong>Job's daughters<\/strong>with prophetic gifts, and ability to sing \u201cwith the tongue of angels\u201d by multi-coloured laces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Exhortations end<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tips for moral and spiritual sons and daughters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Insistence on patience, charity, hospitality, and the rejection of idolatry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Death of Job and epilogue<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Description of the peaceful death of the righteous.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sometimes with elements of visionary or liturgical.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThe real wealth of a man is measured when he loses everything he owns.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Key differences with the biblical book of Job<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1 relative Independence of the canonical text<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Testament of Job <strong>it is not simply a comment to the Job bible<\/strong>; rewrites the story:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Job becomes <strong>king<\/strong> (in some of the passages are placed him as \u201cking in Egypt\u201d or figure of great authority), something absent in the biblical text.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Satan has a role <strong>much more active and \u201cpersonal\u201d<\/strong>with several costumes and direct attacks, not only as an \u201caccuser\u201d in a heavenly court.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2 Motivation for the attack of Satan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the biblical book, the test arises out of a dialogue between God and Satan, that calls into question the sincerity of the piety of Job.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the Testament, Satan hates Job because <strong>Job destroys a temple idolatrous and breaks the worship of an idol<\/strong>, thus earning the hatred of the opponent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This introduces a dimension <strong>antiidol\u00e1trica and almost \u201cquality\u201d<\/strong>: Job suffers not only as just proven, but as a combatant against idolatry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.3 Attitude of Job during the tests<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the biblical text, Job <strong>discuss, complain, protest<\/strong> and even questioned the justice of God, though not proud of It.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the Testament of Job is given more <strong>hagiogr\u00e1fica<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is steadfast, patient, \u201ca model of endurance\u201d with less dramatic tension.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>His speech is more exemplary than a problem: a mirror of virtue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.4 Role of the wife<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the Bible, the wife appears briefly: \"do you Still hold to your integrity? Curse God and die\" (Job 2,9).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the Testament, the wife <strong>has a name (Sitidos)<\/strong> and a extensive participation:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is ambivalent figure: express human despair in the face of extreme suffering.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Through it, the text deepens the contrast between the <strong>patience of Job<\/strong> and the temptation to despair.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.5 The daughters of Job, and the charismatic gifts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Testament attributed to the daughters of Job <strong>charismatic gifts<\/strong>: they will give \u201cmulti-coloured laces\u201d that allow them to sing in the <strong>language of the angels<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some scholars see here an early interest in the idea of <strong>glosolalia (speaking in tongues)<\/strong> or of that heavenly liturgy, in continuity with jewish and christian traditions later.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThe suffering test the meat, but it reveals the truth of the spirit.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Theological content and main themes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.1 Patience and endurance in suffering<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The main theme is the <strong>\u201cheroic patience\u201d<\/strong> in front of the test: Job becomes a paradigm of the righteous endures to the end.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The emphasis is not so much in the mystery of evil (as in the book canon), but in the <strong>response of the believer<\/strong>: persevere, don't deny, keep the piety and justice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.2 Struggle against idolatry<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The trigger of the persecution is the <strong>combat Job against idolatry<\/strong>destroying a temple of false worship.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Job appears as <strong>iconoclast and religious reformer<\/strong>, a precursor of a pure monotheism and radical.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.3 Satan as a personal enemy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Satan is presented in the form <strong>even more diabolical and personalist<\/strong>, bent on destroying Job:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Disguises,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deceives,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Directly attacks your body, your property and your family.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reinforces a vision that is more \u201cdramatic\u201d in the spiritual struggle, which is very close to the demonology that we will later see in some christian texts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.4 Charity, alms and hospitality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Testament stresses the <strong>alms, the hospitality and the care of the poor<\/strong> as essential traits of the righteous:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Job is not only pious, but <strong>actively caring<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In this way, the work is aligned with the spirituality of jewish values <strong>tsedak\u00e1<\/strong> (justice\/handout) as a concrete expression of their faithfulness to God.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.5 Dimension \u201ccharismatic\u201d and angelol\u00f3gica<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The scene of the daughters who receive multi-coloured laces to sing in the language of angels, places the text in a spiritual environment where:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>heavenly liturgy<\/strong> she is a model,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>prayer with angels<\/strong> and experiences ecstatic have spiritual value.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This about a certain mystical currents in jewish late and, subsequently, to the sensibilities of christians who value the \u201cspeaking in tongues\u201d and the spiritual gifts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Relationship with judaism and christianity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.1 jewish Origin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The majority of specialists agree that the <strong>core of the Testament of Job is a jew<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Theology is monotheistic without christology explicit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strong emphasis on the moral Law, alms-giving, hospitality, rejection of idolatry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.2 Traces or touch-ups christians<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Some features of linguistic and theological may reflect <strong>rereadings christian<\/strong> later:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vocabulary Greek and resonance christian.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Possible tweens to harmonize with certain ideas of redemptive suffering, or intercession.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The transmission in manuscripts, coptic, and in environments monastic reinforces the idea of a <strong>welcome to christian living<\/strong>, though on the basis jewish before.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThe light just won't turn off: it even in the dust and sores.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Importance of the Testament of Job bible study and religious<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>From an academic approach, the Testament of Job is important for several reasons:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Reception Job<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Shows how the late judaism \u201cre-read\u201d Job: less a philosopher of suffering, and more <strong>hero of the patience and fighter against idolatry<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>History of the theology of suffering<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Complements the book of the bible when you move the focus:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The question \u201cwhy suffer the righteous?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To \u201chow it should behave just when he suffers for being faithful and destroy idols?\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Studies on demonology and Satan<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is a testimony of the early a <strong>demonology most developed<\/strong>where the devil is an enemy personnel, active and deceiver.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mystical, liturgy and gifts<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The episode of the daughters and the song of angels is key for tracking:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The idea of <strong>language of angels<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The relationship between clothes, laces and worship,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The intersection between late judaism and christian spirituality primitive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pseudep\u00edgrafos and configuration of the \u201ccanon expanded\u201d<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is a perfect example of how in the ancient world, <strong>not everything that is circulating as a sacred text or uplifting ended up in the canon<\/strong>, but strongly influenced the piety and the religious imagination.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Synthesis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If I had to resumirte \u201ceverything there is to know\u201d the Testament of Job in a few lines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Origin and nature<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Work <strong>jewish pseudepigr\u00e1fica<\/strong>, written in Greek between the first century a. C. and I d. C., transmitted after in environments christians (Greek, coptic, slavonic).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gender<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cTestament\u201d spiritual Job: his last words to sons and daughters, with an autobiographical story, and exhortations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Content distinctive<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Job as <strong>king and destroyer of temples idolaters<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Satan is much more active and personal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wife Sitidos with expanded role.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Daughters with charismatic gifts and singing in the language of angels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Theology and ethics<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Focus on the <strong>heroic patience<\/strong>, the <strong>fight against idolatry<\/strong>, the <strong>charity and hospitality<\/strong>fidelity is an absolute low of extreme suffering.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Importance of academic<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Key to understanding:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>reception Job<\/strong> in the late judaism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The evolution of the <strong>demonology<\/strong> and <strong>mystic spirituality<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The diversity of the religious literature of the Second Temple.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThat supports the test with righteousness leaves a will stronger than any word.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Testament of Job: work apocryphal and theology of suffering<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":893,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[541,539],"class_list":{"0":"post-892","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-apocrifos","8":"tag-el-testamento-de-job","9":"tag-job"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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