{"id":922,"date":"2025-09-05T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=922"},"modified":"2025-12-23T19:48:00","modified_gmt":"2025-12-24T02:48:00","slug":"flavio-josefo-caida-jerusalen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/flavio-josefo-caida-jerusalen\/","title":{"rendered":"Flavius Josephus: Chronicler, survivor and the voice of the Second Temple"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u201cThe romans did not conquer by force, but because the violence and wickedness made us unworthy of the divine protection.\u201d<\/strong>
(Derived from its historical theology at War<\/em> V\u2013VI).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

1. Identity and background<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Hebrew name<\/strong>: Yosef ben Matityahu (Joseph, son of Mattathias).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Roman name<\/strong>: Flavius Iosephus (Flavius Josephus), taken from the imperial family Flavia after receiving roman citizenship.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Birth<\/strong>: ca. 37\/38 d.C., in Jerusalem, when Judea was already a province under Rome (time of Caligula\/Claudio).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Death<\/strong>: circa 100 d.C., probably in Rome.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Profile<\/strong>:\n
      \n
    • Jewish priest (koh\u00e9n) of aristocratic family of Jerusalem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Intellectual trained in jewish Law and education in hellenistic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Protagonist and a direct witness of the Great jewish Revolt against Rome (66-73)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Then, protected by the emperors Vespasian and Titus, and chronicler \u201cofficial\u201d of those facts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Josephus is, along with Philo of Alexandria, the great literary voice of judaism, hellenistic century I: a jewish man deeply versed in the Torah, and the Temple, which was written in Greek for a roman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      2. Detailed biography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      2.1. Family origin and formation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Comes from a priestly family of relief, and by maternal line claims to descend from the asmoneos (maccabees)<\/strong>, which links it to the old dynasty royal-priestly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • You receive a solid education in the Written law and oral<\/strong>, as well as in Greek culture. He stresses that their memory capacity and judgment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        According to his autobiography (Vita<\/em>), in the youth \u201ctest\u201d the various streams of judaism (pharisees, sadducees, essenes), and spend time with an ascetic of the desert, before adhering to the pharisees<\/strong>more by social and political influence that full affinity doctrinal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2.2. A trip to Rome and the political experience prior to the Revolt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • In the year 64.d.C., he travels to Rome to intercede with Nero for a few priests incarcerated jews; it comes into contact with the roman world and becomes impressed by the imperial power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Upon their return, the tension in Judea increases: the abuses of roman procurators, conflicts between the elites of the jews, a radicalization of revolutionary groups (zealots, sicarii).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          2.3. Role in the Great jewish Revolt (66-73)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          When it comes to revolt of 66<\/strong>Josephus is appointed by the leadership of Jerusalem as the military commander of Galilee<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • Fortifies cities as Jotapata (Yodfat)<\/strong>, Tiberias, and other places.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Clashes with factions more radical; his leadership is challenged by rivals as the Right of Tiberias.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            The episode of Jotapata, and the \u201cprophecy\u201d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • In the year 67, Vespasian leads the roman campagna in Galilee. After the siege, Jotapata falls. Josephus seeks shelter with about 40 men in a cave.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Surrounded by the romans, the group decides to die rather than surrender, organizing a \u201ccollective suicide\u201d by drawing lots. Josephus handles the calculations so that only he and one other man; it is delivered to the romans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Before Vespasian, Josephus says that God has revealed to him that Vespasian will be emperor<\/strong>. When the prophecy is fulfilled (69 d.C., \u201cyear of the four emperors\u201d), Vespasian takes it as protected, granted freedom and citizenship, and Josephus takes the name of Flavio<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              This episode will mark your image for ever: for many jews, it is treason; for him, it is a sign of providence and prophetic mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2.4. With Titus in the siege and destruction of Jerusalem (70)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

              Josephus accompanies Tito<\/strong>the son of Vespasian, in the campaign's final against Jerusalem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              • Serves as interpreter and mediator<\/strong>trying (according to him) to convince the city to surrender in order to avoid the destruction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • It is a direct witness of the siege of Jerusalem, the famine, the internal struggles between jewish factions<\/strong> and finally, the destruction of the Second Temple in 70<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                His description of these events in The War of the jews<\/em> it is our more detailed story and drama of the catastrophe 70.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                2.5. Life in Rome as a historian<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                After the war:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • Accompanied Titus to Rome in 71 d.C.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Receives roman citizenship, a pension and accommodation<\/strong>; lives under the patronage of the dynasty Flavia (Vespasian, Titus, Domitian).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • They house several times; it is mentioned at least four wives and several children, one of them Flavius Hyrcanus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • In Rome he writes all of his known works, in Greek, addressed to a public cult of greco-roman, but also, indirectly, the jews of the diaspora.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u201cThe hatred between brothers was more fatal than the swords of our enemies.\u201d<\/strong>
                  (Based on his analysis of the civil war within Jerusalem, War<\/em> V).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

                  \n\n\n\n

                  3. Major works of Flavius Josephus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                  The importance of Josephus is that his work is the great chronicle in the first person of the judaism of the Second Temple, the rebellion, and the fall of Jerusalem<\/strong>. The four authentic works main ones are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  1. The jewish War (Bellum Iudaicum)<\/strong> \u2013 ca. 75-79 d.C.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  2. Antiquities of the jews (Antiquitates Iudaicae)<\/strong> \u2013 year 93\/94.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  3. Against Api\u00f3n (Contra Apionem \/ Against Apion)<\/strong> \u2013 ca. 97.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  4. Life of Josephus (Vita)<\/strong> \u2013 ca. 94-99, snap-in\/self-defense.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                    3.1. The War of the jews<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                      \n
                    • Consists of 7 books<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Central theme: the history of Judea from the maccabees until the Great Revolt (66-73), with a focus on the events that lead to the destruction of the Temple.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Structure:\n
                        \n
                      • Books 1-2: historical background (asmoneos, Herod, the roman procurators, political and social climate).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Books 3-7: story of the war, from Galilee and Josephus as a commander, to Jerusalem, the destruction of the Temple and Masada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                        Intention political, and theological<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \n
                        • Submit to the romans as an instrument of divine punishment for the sins extremism and jews.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Describing himself as a moderate who sought to avoid the disaster, and as a privileged witness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Defend the jewish people as a nation, ancient and noble, but to report to the \u201cbandits\u201d and zealots<\/strong> as a responsible immediate catastrophe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                          3.2. Antiquities of the jews<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                            \n
                          • Immense work in 20 books<\/strong>the finished towards the 93\/94.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Ambition: to present the history of the world from the creation to the year 66 d.C.<\/strong>... but from a jewish perspective<\/strong>using the Bible as the central source and adding tradition, timing, and context.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • The first 11 books rewrite the Hebrew Bible in key narrative in Greek; the remaining addressing the post-biblical: Persian, hellenistic culture, maccabees, asmoneos, Herod, barristers, solicitors, etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                            Key features:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \n
                            • Explain judaism to an audience not jewish, showing:\n
                                \n
                              • Your age<\/strong> (more ancient than the Greek culture).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Your rationality and morality<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Your link between Law, history and providence<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Is a key source for:\n
                                  \n
                                • History maccabees and asmoneos<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Details about Herod the Great and his successors<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Mentions extrab\u00edblicas of Jesus, John the Baptist, James \u201cthe brother of Jesus and Pontius Pilate<\/strong>although some passages are discussed for possible tweens christian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                  3.3. Against Api\u00f3n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                    \n
                                  • Work in 2 books.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Response to criticisms of the jews, especially those of the grammarian of alexandria Api\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Objective:\n
                                      \n
                                    • Defend the antiquity of the jewish people<\/strong> against those who denied it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • To rebut accusations of misanthropy, superstition, or \u201cirrationality\u201d of the mosaic Law.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • Present judaism as moral philosophy, ancient<\/strong>, comparable or superior to the Greek schools.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                      It is, in practice, a treaty of apologetics jewish environment greco-roman<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      3.4. Life (Vita)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                        \n
                                      • Autobiography written at the end of his career, probably as a appendix Antique<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Purpose:\n
                                          \n
                                        • Responding to allegations of Just Tiberias<\/strong>, which he accuses of incompetence and betrayal during the war.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • To justify his own conduct, his loyalty to the jewish people and his role as a priest and intellectual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                          It is a valuable source to rebuild your vision of itself<\/strong> and see how it is defended against its critics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          \n\n\n\n

                                          4. Thinking, \u201cteaching\u201d and religious vision-policy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                          Josephus is not a \u201crabbi\u201d or a philosopher systematic, but their works are used to infer a concept consistent:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          4.1. Theology of history<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                            \n
                                          • God is sovereign of the story<\/strong> and acts by providence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          • Disasters (such as the destruction of the Temple) are interpreted as divine punishment for sins, and the internal violence<\/strong>not as a victory of the roman gods.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          • The jewish people remains as the people of God, and the restoration depends on your repentance and faithfulness<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                            4.2. Law and morality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                              \n
                                            • Presents the Torah<\/strong> as a constitution<\/strong> theocratic, wise and balanced, which regulates religious life, civil and political.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Emphasizes monotheism, the moral purity, charity and discipline as central elements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Argues that many moral principles jews are parallel to or greater than the virtues admired by the greeks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                              4.3. Political vision<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                \n
                                              • Hostile to the extremists (zealots, sicarii)<\/strong>: accused of dragging people to a war that was lost, to profane the Temple, and kill to moderate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • Defend a position pragmatic<\/strong>: armed resistance against Rome was unwise, given the relative forces; civil obedience to the roman power can co-exist with religious fidelity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • Conceived to Rome almost as divine instrument<\/strong> to punish but also to order the world.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                4.4. Self-image: prophet, historian, mediator<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                  \n
                                                • In their texts, it is suggested as someone with gift of interpreting the divine will<\/strong>especially in the prophecy on Vespasian.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Is presented as historian truthful<\/strong> and defender of his people to the roman world.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • At the same time, it is aware of the reproach of treason and strives to be displayed as a mediator that saved lives trying to convince the besieged to surrender.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                                  \n\n\n\n

                                                  5. Josephus and the streams of judaism of the Second Temple<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                                  5.1. Pharisees<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • Is identified as pharisee<\/strong> from the age of 19, although his accession seems to be more social and political than strictly doctrinal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                  • Describes the pharisees as:\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • Group with strong popular support.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                    • Defenders of the Law and oral traditions, with belief in resurrection and providence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                    • Your descriptions are a key source for our vision of the pharisees in the time of Herod, and revolt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                      5.2. Sadducees<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • Presented as a priestly aristocracy conservative, more cool with the village, centered on the Temple and a rejection of many oral traditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                      • Your description is one of the few sources outside the New Testament about the sadducees.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                        5.3. Essenes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • One of the portraits-complete essenes<\/strong>: community life, asceticism, celibacy (in the majority), ritual baths, oaths, etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                        • Your story is crucial to relate to, with caution, to the essenes with the groups behind the Dead Sea scrolls<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                          5.4. Zealots and other groups<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • Speaking of zealots<\/strong>, hitmen<\/strong> and other radical factions as immediately responsible for the destruction of the Temple, even more than the romans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                          • His vision is full of moral judgment, which must be read critically.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                                            \n\n\n\n

                                                            6. What a traitor or a patriot? The controversy surrounding his figure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                                            Since Ancient times, Josephus is a character deeply controversial<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                            6.1. Classical charges<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • For many jews later, is the one that left to their peers in Jotapata<\/strong>, is passed to the romans and lived on the patronage of the winner.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                            • Its strong condemnation of the zealots can be interpreted as a requirement of their roman patrons to justify repression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                            • Historians have qualified \u201ccollaborator\u201d or \u201ctraitor\u201d<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                              6.2. Rereadings of modern<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                                              Contemporary research is more nuanced:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • What looks like a priest aristocrat, a pharisee moderate<\/strong>, trapped in a war that was considered lost.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                              • Your step to the side, roman can be read as strategy of personal survival<\/strong>, but also as an attempt to save the part of the town, avoiding the total destruction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                              • As a historian, he is recognized biased manner<\/strong> (self-defense, justification of Rome), but also great documentary value<\/strong>: without it, our image of the day it would be almost blind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                In summary: neither hero nor pure caricature of a traitor; it is a intellectual elite negotiated between jewish loyalty and power of imperial roman<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                \n\n\n\n

                                                                7. Legacy and impact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                                                7.1. Central source for the history of the Second Temple<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                                                Without Josephus, we would know very little:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                • Chain high priests<\/strong> and the internal politics of the Temple.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                • Biographical details of Herod the Great<\/strong>, Agrippa I and II, and the dynasty herodiana.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                • The development and the psychology of the Great Revolt<\/strong> and the drama of the siege of Jerusalem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                • The description of synagogues and cities galileans, that archaeology has begun to confirm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                  7.2. Importance of judaism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Represents the transition of the judaism of the Temple to the judaism of the diaspora<\/strong>: a priest who, without a Temple, writes history and apologetics for a roman world.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                  • Their texts help you to see how some jews reinterpret the disaster as a punishment, but without abandoning the idea of divine election.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                  • Although it does not form part of the canon rabbinical indirectly influences in the memory jewish revolt and of Rome.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                    7.3. Importance for christianity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • Since the fourth century, the christians read Josephus with enormous interest because:\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • It offers a story that is external to the Bible<\/strong> about key characters (Herod, Pilate, the high priests).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                      • Includes passages on John the Baptist<\/strong>, James the brother of Jesus<\/strong> and a famous text on Jesus of Nazareth (Testimonium Flavianum)<\/strong>probably retouched by copyists christians.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                      • His writings are used to interpret the destruction of the Temple as punishment for rejection of Jesus<\/strong>reading christian widespread, although it is not exactly the theological approach of Josephus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                        7.4. Literary influence and transmission<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        • In late Antiquity were translated into Latin and circulated in abbreviated versions (as the Pseudo-Hegesipo<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                        • With the printing press, his works become classics in Europe; it is published in many languages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                        • It has been fundamental to the archaeology biblical modern: several findings in Jerusalem and the Galilee have confirmed aspects of their descriptions (ballistic roman structures of sieges, the caves of refuge, etc).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                                                          \n\n\n\n

                                                                          8. How to read Flavius Josephus today<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                                                          If you want to work with Josephus to fund, it is worth being clear on several points:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. He is a witness, but not neutral<\/strong>\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            • Writes to roman cults, under the patronage imperial, and defend his own reputation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                            • Attenuates responsibilities roman and charge against zealots and rival leaders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                            • He is a priest and pharisee aristocrat<\/strong>\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              • His perspective is that of the elites of Jerusalem<\/strong>not the peasant, or the revolutionary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                              • It tends to legitimize the hierarchical order of the Temple and the elites moderate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                              • Writer hellenistic<\/strong>\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • Uses literary devices Greek: speeches placed in the mouths of characters, dramatic scenes, in parallel with Thucydides, and other historians.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                • It implies that some discourses are reconstructions literary, not minutes estenogr\u00e1ficas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                • However, it is irreplaceable<\/strong>\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • There is No other source that is comparable in extent and detail of the Judea of the century I.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                  • Archeology has confirmed that, despite biases, many of their topographic data and historical are reliable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    \n\n\n\n

                                                                                    9. Synthesis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                    If you condensamos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • Flavius Josephus is jewish priest elite, a pharisee moderate, military failed, a prisoner of Rome, protected from the Flavios and chronicler of the destruction of the Second Temple<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    • His four major works (War<\/em>, Antiques<\/em>, Against Api\u00f3n<\/em>, Life<\/em>) are the great encyclopedia narrative of the judaism of the Second Temple and of the relationship with Rome<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    • Theologically sees the history as a field where God punishes sins but does not break his covenant with Israel; politically, promotes moderation, and considered extremism as a suicide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    • It is seen by a part of the tradition as traitor<\/strong>but the current historical understood rather as survivor pragmatic<\/strong> that tries to explain and defend his village to the imperial power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    • His legacy is decisive for:\n
                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      • Rebuild the jewish history<\/strong> between the maccabees and the fall of the Temple.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                      • To understand the context of Jesus, early christianity, and the jewish groups (pharisees, sadducees, essenes, zealots)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                      • To link text and archaeology in Jerusalem, Galilee and Masada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                                                        Flavius Josephus: Chronicler, survivor and the voice of the Second Temple<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":923,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345],"tags":[553,554],"class_list":{"0":"post-922","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-qumran","8":"tag-flavio-josefo","9":"tag-yosef-ben-matityahu"},"yoast_head":"\nFlavio Josefo: cronista de la ca\u00edda de Jerusal\u00e9n - La Mishn\u00e1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Flavio Josefo, sacerdote e historiador jud\u00edo, interpret\u00f3 la derrota ante Roma como castigo divino y dej\u00f3 la gran cr\u00f3nica del Segundo Templo.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/flavio-josefo-caida-jerusalen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Flavio Josefo: cronista de la ca\u00edda de Jerusal\u00e9n - 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