{"id":925,"date":"2025-09-09T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-09T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=925"},"modified":"2025-12-23T15:28:07","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T22:28:07","slug":"masada-asedio-romano-historia-mito","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/masada-asedio-romano-historia-mito\/","title":{"rendered":"Masada: The last bastion jewish Second Temple"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cSome time ago we decided to not serve ever to the romans, nor to any other, but only God, who is the only Lord of the true man.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. What is Masada and why it matters?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Masada<\/strong> it is a fortress on top of an isolated mesa in the desert of Judea, in front of the Dead Sea, 400 m on the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the jewish narrative, Masada symbolizes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>the latest episode in the armed<\/strong> the First Guerra Judeo-Romana (66-73 d.C.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>close symbolic of the Second Temple period<\/strong> (even though the Temple was destroyed in 70 ce.C., the fall of Masada in 73\/74 mark the end of military).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A modern myth of <strong>\u201clast resistance\u201d<\/strong> and choice of death rather than slavery, built on the story of Flavius Josephus and reworked by zionism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Almost all that we know of Masada in the first century comes from <strong>a single author<\/strong>: Flavius Josephus, \u201cThe Jewish War\u201d. Modern archaeology (especially the excavations of Yigael Yad\u00edn in the 60's) has served to <strong>confirm parts of the story and refine other<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Background: strength asmonea to Herod's palace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Origins in time asmonea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Josephus attributed the first fortification of Masada to the king asmoneo <strong>Alexander Jannaeus<\/strong> (s. I a.C.), although archaeologically have not found clear structures of this phase; the record material that dominates is the herodian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That is to say:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There was probably <strong>occupation and fortification<\/strong> asmonea.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>But what we see today and what defines Masada in the war judeo-roman is <strong>fundamentally herodian<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Masada as a refuge for Herod the Great<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In the context of the power struggle after the death of Antipater, father of Herod) and the conflict with the last king asmoneo Antigonus II, Herod used Masada as <strong>shelter strategic<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Between approximately <strong>37-31 to.C.<\/strong>, Herod transformed Masada:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In a <strong>fortress-palace of luxury<\/strong> and a refuge in the case of jewish rebellion or foreign invasion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With a capacity of <strong>to withstand long sieges<\/strong> thanks to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Huge stores of food.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A sophisticated system of <strong>cisterns and channels<\/strong> taking water from wadis distant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 Architecture herodiana key<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The excavations of Yad\u00edn revealed almost the entire complex of the period of Herod:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Palace North<\/strong> (\u201cvilla pendant\u201d three levels) embedded in the hillside north: terraces, frescoes, columns, mosaics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Palace West<\/strong> with a \u201cthrone room\u201d and dependencies administrative.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stores<\/strong> huge (tens of rooms elongated).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Roman baths<\/strong> with a hypocaust.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Perimeter wall<\/strong> type casemate (double wall with rooms inside).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>System-wide <strong>tanks<\/strong> carved in the rock, fed by channels that they were collecting the floods of winter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary: Masada is a hybrid between <strong>roman military camp<\/strong> and <strong>royal residence of luxury<\/strong>designed to withstand a total purse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cOur wives to die without being raped and our children without knowing the slavery, and freedom is our last napkin.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Context: the First War Judeo-Roman and the hitmen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 The war (66-73 d.C.) and the destruction of the Temple<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>66 d.C.: Explode the <strong>revolt against Rome<\/strong> in Judea.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>70 d.C.: The romans, led by Titus, <strong>destroyed the Second Temple<\/strong> in Jerusalem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>70-73 d.C.: Campaign of \u201ccleansing\u201d of the last pockets of resistance, between them <strong>Stork, Machaerus, and Masada<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Masada is thus converted into <strong>the last bastion<\/strong> of armed resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Who were at Masada? Shooters and your profile<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Josephus, Masada was seized by the <strong>hitmen<\/strong>, an extremist group emerged from the environment zelota, characterized by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tactics <strong>terror individual<\/strong> (murders with daggers hidden among the crowd, hence the \u201csicarii\u201d).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Absolute rejection of the roman domination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Violence towards other jews they considered a collaborationist.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Under the command of <strong>Eleazar ben Ya go<\/strong>, the sicarii took Masada around 66-67 d.C., probably after removing the small roman garrison that was left. From there:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Launch <strong>raiding and looting<\/strong> against nearby towns and villages including Ein Gued\u00ed, where massacred its inhabitants according to Josephus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This adds to the \u201cheroizaci\u00f3n\u201d modern: to Josephus, the sicarii are <strong>fans of violent<\/strong>not national heroes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Chronology of the occupation of the jewish and of the siege<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1 Occupation jewish (c. 66\/67\u201372\/73 d.C.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The rebels come into a fortress <strong>already equipped<\/strong> with stores, palaces and cisterns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To adapt the structures herodianas to use <strong>more communal and defensive<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reused warehouses and rooms of the wall as homes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is enabled by a <strong>synagogue<\/strong> (one of the oldest identified).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2 Dates of the siege<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Traditionally stood the siege of Masada in <strong>72-73 d.C.<\/strong>; some studies it push <strong>73-74 d.C.<\/strong> in function correlations internal in Josephus and archaeological data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What is essential: it is the <strong>last episode<\/strong> of the War First Jewish-Roman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cWe have not won a victory; we have only defended the dignity of a free man.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. The siege of Masada according to Josephus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 Forces at play<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Josephus describes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Jewish defenders<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>About <strong>967 people<\/strong> (including women and children).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Led by <strong>Eleazar ben Ya go<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Romans<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Legio X Fretensis (~4.800 legionaries).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Auxiliary and slaves between 4,000\u2013to 10,000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Control: <strong>Lucio Flavio Silva<\/strong>, governor of Judea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Total roman: maybe a few <strong>To 8,000\u20139,000 personnel of combat<\/strong>, more personal logistics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2 The system of roman siege<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The romans applied a <strong>manual classic siege<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Camps and beltline<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rise <strong>8 camps<\/strong> around the plateau and a <strong>wall ring<\/strong> about 3 km to enclose the besieged and control the environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All of this is visible today and is one of the systems of siege best-conserved of the roman world.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The ramp siege<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identify the flank <strong>western<\/strong>the most accessible, and built a <strong>huge ramp of earth and stone<\/strong> supported on a spur natural.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is estimated that moved <strong>hundreds of thousands of tons<\/strong> material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On the ramp, push a <strong>tower siege<\/strong> with the mounts and artillery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Artillery and fire<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Josephus describes the use of <strong>ballistae<\/strong> and the fire of a <strong>wall of wood<\/strong> interior raised by the defenders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When the fire turns against the romans by the wind, it changes back to its favor, allowing the gap.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.3 The final night and the \u201cvoluntary death\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In the account of Josephus, when roman opens a gap and retreat to assault the next day, Eleazar, calling on the men to an assembly and holds an ideological discourse:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Freedom is incompatible with slavery romana.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is preferable to <strong>die as free men<\/strong> than to live as slaves.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The course plan:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The men kill their own families (women and children).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Then kill each other; you choose <strong>ten men<\/strong> by lot to kill the rest.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Of those ten, one is elected by new sweepstakes to kill the other nine, and then commit suicide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Left with life <strong>two women and five children<\/strong> hiding and later recount the story to the romans.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Josephus, the romans come and find only <strong>dead bodies and silence<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. What does the archaeology? Confirmations and questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1 Confirmations general<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The excavations of Yad\u00edn (1963-1965), and subsequent studies showed that many descriptions of Josephus are <strong>surprisingly accurate<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>ramp roman<\/strong> it is there, and coincides with his story.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We still keep the <strong>wall ring<\/strong> and <strong>eight roman camps<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identify:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>palace north<\/strong>palace west, warehouses, baths.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>synagogue<\/strong> and the homes of the rebels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are evidence of <strong>fire<\/strong> in the inner wall, compatible with the episode of the fire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In terms of <strong>macrohistoria \u2013siege and fall and destruction\u2013<\/strong>Josephus is quite reliable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2 human Remains and the issue of \u201ccollective suicide\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Here begins the debate:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Only found remains very fragmentary <strong>a few individuals<\/strong> (not nearly thousand), both at the top as in a cave at the foot of the cliff.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some remains were <strong>reenterrados with State honors in 1969<\/strong>, assuming that they were of the jewish defenders. However:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Remains of <strong>bones<\/strong> associated with some of the material suggest that it could be <strong>romans<\/strong> (it was customary to sacrifice pigs in contexts and military funeral).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Several scholars (e.g. Jodi Magness, Joe Zias) point out that <strong>there is archaeological evidence direct<\/strong> of a mass suicide or a systematic killing as described by Josephus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Conclusion academic usual:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is plausible that it would have <strong>mass death and perhaps acts of homicide-suicide<\/strong>but the details dramatic (speeches, system of sweepstakes, the exact figures) reflect the <strong>rhetoric literary<\/strong> Josephus more than a forensic report.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cTo die as free men is better than to live in chains.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Daily life at Masada during the siege<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The findings give an image quite rich of the community to rebel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.1 social Organization and religious<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Modest houses<\/strong> within the walls, and antique stores.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A <strong>synagogue<\/strong> with benches attached to the walls, which is oriented towards Jerusalem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the synagogue were found:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A ostrac\u00f3n with the inscription <em>ma asher kohen<\/em> (\u201ctithe for the priest\u201d).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fragments of rolls bible (Deuteronomy, Ezekiel the vision of the \u201cdry bones\u201d, in Genesis, Leviticus, Psalms, Sirach, and the <em>Songs of the Sacrifice of Shabbat<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This points to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A community with <strong>religious life active<\/strong>even in siege.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interest in texts <strong>eschatological hope and resurrection<\/strong> (very significant in the context of a terminal resistor).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.2 domestic Economy: food and water<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The system of tanks, fed by canals from wadis, explains how they were able to resist <strong>years<\/strong> in an environment so arid.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The warehouses contained the remains of:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cereals, legumes, oil, wine, nuts, etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ceramics of different backgrounds, reflecting networks previous exchange.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is likely that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Herod left <strong>huge reserves<\/strong>, and the rebels were confined in great measure to use them, reabasteci\u00e9ndolas in part with looting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Masada in relationship to other foci of the war<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Chronologically, Masada is <strong>the epilogue<\/strong> of a process:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>66-70 d.C.: Revolt in Judea, the war in Galilee and Judea, central, site and destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>70-72 d.C.: Fall of other bastions:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Stork<\/strong> (south of Jerusalem).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Machaerus<\/strong> (in modern Jordan).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>72-73\/74 d.C.: <strong>Campaign Silva against Masada<\/strong>the last square.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Politically:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The fall of Masada does not change the overall outcome of the war (as decided after Jerusalem), but:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Eliminates the <strong>last symbol armed<\/strong> of organized resistance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facilitates the <strong>consolidation of the roman province of Judea<\/strong> as a territory pacified, although with deep traces of destruction of economic and demographic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Masada in the memory of the jews and in the modern myth<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.1 out Of oblivion on national symbol<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>After Antiquity, Masada enters a phase of sporadic use (side dishes roman, possibly byzantine monastery) and then <strong>abandonment<\/strong>. In the Modern Age is visited by european travellers, but without great symbolic impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the emergence of the <strong>zionism<\/strong> and the State of Israel, Masada is redefined:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Of the strength of the <strong>assassins ambiguous<\/strong> (according to Josephus) happens to be the emblem:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c<strong>Masada shall not fall again<\/strong>\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<strong>Better to die than to fall into the hands of the enemy<\/strong>\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Becomes:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Instead of <strong>ceremonies military<\/strong> (oaths of army units).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cStage space\u201d of the <strong>national memory<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.2 \u201cMyth of Masada\u201d and critical historiographical<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The so-called <strong>\u201cmyth of Masada\u201d<\/strong> it consists of a re-reading this patriotic episode:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It emphasizes the heroism and determination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It ignores or minimizes the fact that:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They were gunmen, described by Josephus as violent even in the face of other jews.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The story of collective suicide is debatable from the point of view of the material evidence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Historians and archaeologists contemporary point:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The need to differentiate between:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Facts archaeologically confirmed<\/strong> (siege, ramp, destruction, occupation).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Constructions literary<\/strong> of Josephus and <strong>readings ideological contemporary<\/strong> (zionist, nationalist, etc).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Key points that you \u201cknow\u201d about Masada in the context of the Second Temple<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For you to leave as a checklist for article or script:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Localization and nature<\/strong>: Strength in table rock isolated, with natural defenses extreme, in front of the Dead Sea.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Political origin<\/strong>: Fortified first (according to Josephus) by asmoneos, transformed radically by Herod the Great in a <strong>palace-fortress of luxury and shelter<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Key infrastructure<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Two big palaces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enormous warehouses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hot springs and roman architecture of prestige.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hydraulic system special cisterns and channels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Context of war<\/strong>: Last stronghold of the jews in the War First Jewish-Roman, after the destruction of the Temple (70 ce.C.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Main actors<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Defenders: <strong>hitmen<\/strong>led by Eleazar ben Ya go.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Attackers: Legio X Fretensis and auxiliary, commanded by Lucius Flavius Silva.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tactical roman<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Camps siege and wall ring perfectly preserved.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ramp western monumental to carry tower and battering ram.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inner life<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Religious community active with a synagogue and rolls of the bible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use of resources herodians: food and water in relative abundance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>End of the siege<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Narrated by a single author (Josephus).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Idea of suicide\/homicide collective staircase draws.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Archaeologically, the episode bulk is not shown; yes what are the siege and destruction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>End of the period of the Second Temple (in the broad sense)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Destruction of the Temple in 70 d.C. \u2192 theological point central.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fall of Masada in 73\/74 d.C. \u2192 close military and symbolic of the era of the Temple as the focus of political-legal Judea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reception modern<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Symbol zionist resistance and heroism (\u201cMasada shall not fall again\u201d).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Object of historiographical debates, archaeological and ideological on how to build the collective memory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Masada: historia, asedio romano y mito de la \u00faltima resistencia<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":926,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345],"tags":[551],"class_list":{"0":"post-925","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-qumran","8":"tag-masada"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Masada: historia, asedio romano y mito de la \u00faltima resistencia - La Mishn\u00e1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Qu\u00e9 fue Masada, por qu\u00e9 cay\u00f3 ante Roma y c\u00f3mo naci\u00f3 el mito de la \u00faltima resistencia jud\u00eda seg\u00fan Josefo y la arqueolog\u00eda.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/masada-asedio-romano-historia-mito\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Masada: historia, asedio romano y mito de la \u00faltima resistencia - La Mishn\u00e1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Qu\u00e9 fue Masada, por qu\u00e9 cay\u00f3 ante Roma y c\u00f3mo naci\u00f3 el mito de la \u00faltima resistencia jud\u00eda seg\u00fan Josefo y la arqueolog\u00eda.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/masada-asedio-romano-historia-mito\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"La Mishn\u00e1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/lamishnatv\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-09-09T11:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-12-23T22:28:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ChatGPT-Image-18-nov-2025-07_48_14-p.m.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"667\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Abel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LaMishnaTV\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LaMishnaTV\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Abel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/masada-asedio-romano-historia-mito\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/masada-asedio-romano-historia-mito\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Abel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/816776c7e2f4eb6d64c4d19f1dfc2a02\"},\"headline\":\"Masada: El \u00faltimo basti\u00f3n jud\u00edo del Segundo Templo\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-09-09T11:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-23T22:28:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/masada-asedio-romano-historia-mito\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2270,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/masada-asedio-romano-historia-mito\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lamishna.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/11\\\/ChatGPT-Image-18-nov-2025-07_48_14-p.m.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Masada\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Qumran &amp; 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