{"id":936,"date":"2025-10-01T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=936"},"modified":"2025-12-16T19:18:08","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T02:18:08","slug":"fe-mesianica-segundo-templo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/fe-mesianica-segundo-templo\/","title":{"rendered":"What kind of Messiah they expected at the time of the second Temple of Jerusalem?"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cIn every generation, and oppressed, the promise of the Anointed kindled fire more than a thousand armies.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Historical framework of the Second Temple<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The period of the Second Temple will approximately <strong>516 a. e. c. to 70. e. c.<\/strong>from the rebuilding of the Temple after the babylonian exile until its destruction by Rome. Is usually divided into stages: Persian, hellenistic period (ptolemaic and seleucid), asmonea, herodiana and roman domination direct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key traits that directly influence the idea of the Messiah:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>There is No davidic king<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The monarchy davidic was interrupted by the exile (586 a. e. c.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Later, Judah lives under empires: Persian, hellenistic, then Rome.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This creates a <strong>vacuum political-theological<\/strong>: the promises to David (2 Sam 7) seem to be \u201csuspended\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Centrality of the Temple and the priesthood<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The High Priest and the priestly class assume a role of a political-religious.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Internal tensions<\/strong>: pharisees, sadducees, essenes, groups \u201czealots\u201d, movements, apocalyptic, etc, with different visions of the Law, the Temple and of the future.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Foreign domination and successive crises<\/strong> (especially the oppression seleucid and then Rome):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Religious persecution under Antiochus IV Epiphanes (s. II. e. c.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rebellion macabea and brief independence asmonea.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Imposition of roman power (Pompey, Herod, the roman prefects).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In this context, the <strong>hope in a \u201canointed one\u201d (messiah)<\/strong> reactivated as a response to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the loss of the monarchy,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the national humiliation,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>internal corruption,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and the reading of the prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Zechariah, etc).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The studies indicate that, already in the Persian period, it raises the expectation of a <strong>future humane ruler who ruled over by an Israel that is purified at the end of time<\/strong>from books like Haggai and Zechariah, who see in <strong>Zerubbabel<\/strong> a candidate messianic (a descendant of David).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Sources to reconstruct the beliefs messianic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We don't have a \u201ccatechism messianic\u201d officer of the day. What we know comes from a <strong>mosaic fountains<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hebrew bible \/ Old Testament in its shape of the season<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prophets: Isaiah (especially Is 9; 11; 40-66), Jeremiah 23; Ezekiel 34-37; Zechariah, Daniel, etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Royal psalms (Ps 2, 72, 89, 110, etc).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Writings of judaism of the Second Temple<\/strong> (not canonical in the Tanakh, but very influential):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1 Enoch<\/strong>, <strong>4 Esdras (4 Ezra)<\/strong>, <strong>2 Baruch<\/strong>, <strong>Psalms of Solomon<\/strong>, Wisdom of Solomon, etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These texts clearly show that the expectation messianic <strong>grows in importance towards the end of the period<\/strong>, but <strong>it does not form a single system consistent<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Manuscripts of the Dead Sea (Qumran)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rules of the community, Document Damascus, Rule messianic commentaries on the bible, hymns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There appears the idea of <strong>two Messiah<\/strong>: one <strong>priest (Aaron)<\/strong> and another <strong>real (Israel\/David)<\/strong>although the exact reconstruction continues to be debated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Historians and jewish authors \/ greco-roman<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Flavius Josephus<\/strong>, <strong>Philo of Alexandria<\/strong>, roman authors allude to hope for a ruler, \u201ccome out of Judea\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rabbinic tradition later<\/strong> (Mishnah, Talmud, midrashim)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is not of the Second Temple, but preserves echoes and rielaborazionis of hope earlier (for example, the distinction between Mashiach ben David and Mashiach ben Yosef).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Christian texts primitive<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Gospels and other writings of the New Testament reflect the messianic expectations of the jews of the first century, though already re-interpreted in the light of faith in Jesus as the Messiah.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. General features of the messianic hope<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Even with the diversity, we can identify <strong>common axis<\/strong> the hope in \u201cthe Messiah\u201d or \u201cthe messianic times\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Restoration of the sovereignty of Israel<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Liberation from the yoke of foreign powers (before Babylon, after the hellenistic kingdoms, and finally Rome).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Full recovery of Jerusalem and the Temple.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>A leader sent by God<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>So-called \u201canointed one\u201d (messiah), \u201cson of David\u201d, \u201cprince\u201d, \u201cthe shepherd\u201d, the \u201cson of man\u201d in some contexts apocalyptic, or even figure almost angelic in certain texts (e.g. some sections of Enoch).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Justice and inner purification<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Not only defeat of the external enemies, but <strong>judgment on sinful people within Israel<\/strong>: priests, corrupt, leaders unjust, wicked.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Messiah is seen as <strong>judge<\/strong> and <strong>reformer religious and moral<\/strong> (this is clearly seen, for example, in Psalms of Solomon 17).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Renewal of the covenant and the Torah<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A return to fidelity to the Law of God.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sometimes, it speaks of a <strong>new alliance<\/strong>, or a <strong>Torah perfect<\/strong>, introverted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transformation eschatological in the world<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the current apocalyptic:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>final judgment,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>resurrection of the dead,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>definitive defeat of the powers of demonic and hostile nations,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a kingdom of peace, justice and knowledge of God.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary: the messianic hope is <strong>political, religious and eschatological at the same time<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Models of Messiah at the time of the Second Temple<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In practice, in the minds of different groups overlapped several <strong>models of Messiah<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1. The Messiah, the davidic\u2013real<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the model most well-known:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>A descendant of David<\/strong>, righteous king, that:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>rules from Jerusalem,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>defeat the enemies,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gathers the exiles,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>establishing a kingdom of justice and peace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>Psalms of Solomon 17<\/strong>, text jew of the first century a. e. c. approximately, is described to a davidic king that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>purifies Jerusalem of the gentiles, and the wicked,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gathers to Israel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>you rule with justice and holiness,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fully trust in God.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This is probably the model that <strong>most resonated among broad sections of the people<\/strong>especially in times of roman domination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2. The priestly Messiah \/ High Priest ideal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In the manuscripts of Qumran and some traditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is expected a <strong>Messiah of Aaron<\/strong>, a <strong>High Priest ideal<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>completely pure,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>officiating correctly,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>who teaches the Torah true,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>who presides over the holy community.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In some prophetic texts late (e.g. Zechariah) is already becoming a <strong>duality<\/strong> between a political leader (type Zerubbabel), and a leading priests (Joshua).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.3. Two Messiahs: one priestly and one real<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The community of Qumran (generally associated with the essenes) seems to wait <strong>two anointed ones,<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u201cMessiah of Aaron\u201d (priestly)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u201cMessiah of Israel\u201d (real\/davidic)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The evidence comes from texts such as the <strong>Rule of the Community<\/strong> and the so-called \u201cRule messianic\u201d, where it mentions the coming of both, with features somewhat differentiated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This shows that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the concept of \u201cMessiah\u201d <strong>was not fixed to a single figure<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and that certain currents make up <strong>the political and priestly<\/strong> in two different people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.4. The Messiah prophetic \/ type \u201cthe new Moses\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In other traditions, the figure expected it looks more like a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u201cprophet like Moses\u201d<\/strong> (Deut 18),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a great teacher and lawgiver,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>that reveals the authentic interpretation of the Torah,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>performs signs and a guide to the people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of the texts of Qumran distinguish between:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>Prophet<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the priestly Messiah,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and the Messiah is real.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>That is to say, <strong>not always identify all the roles on a single person<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.5. The Messiah apocalyptic \/ heavenly \u2013 \u201cSon of Man\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Part of apocalyptic literature (such as sections of 1 Enoch and other texts), appears a figure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u201cSon of Man\u201d \/ figure celestial<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>pre-existing or exalted,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>that receives universal domination,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>judge the living and the dead,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>opens an eternal kingdom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These images are combined with Daniel 7 (the \u201cson of man\u201d who receives the kingdom from the hands of the \u201cancient of days\u201d) and make a <strong>model more cosmic and universal<\/strong> of the messianic hope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.6. Messiah suffering \/ suffering figure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The thesis is dominant in the academy of the TWENTIETH century was that the judaism of the Second Temple <strong>just waiting for a Messiah triumphant<\/strong>, and that the idea of a suffering Messiah would arise only with christianity.<br>However, recent work discussed this, pointing out that <strong>there may be traditions of an \u201canointed one suffering\u201d pre-christian<\/strong> associated to certain texts and readings (for example, some interpretations of Isaiah 53 or figures martiriales).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In any case, if there were hopes of a Messiah who would suffer and die, <strong>were not hegemonic<\/strong>: the predominant model continued to be that of a liberator victorious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Jewish groups and their visions, messianic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1. Pharisees<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Movement with a strong emphasis on:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the <strong>Written torah and oral<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>ritual purity<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>resurrection of the dead<\/strong> and the future judgment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seems to be among them <strong>strong expectation eschatological<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a <strong>Messiah, the davidic<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>restoration of Israel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>collective resurrection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Although we do not have a \u201ccatechism of the pharisees about the Messiah, the later rabbinical judaism (heir to the self-righteousness) holds as a central figure of <strong>a single Mashiach ben David<\/strong> expected at the end of the day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2. Sadducees<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Priestly aristocracy is linked to the Temple, collaborating with the political power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They denied the resurrection, and were conservative in the canon and in the interpretation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Your expectation messianic, if it existed, it was probably <strong>much less apocalyptic<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many scholars argue that they were more interested in <strong>maintain the status quo of the Temple and the priesthood<\/strong> in a revolution messianic future.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.3. Essene community of Qumran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sectarian group\/apocalyptic saw himself as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u201cTrue Israel\u201d within Israel<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>living in the last times,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>in hopes of imminent intervention of God.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Waiting, as we saw:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>two Messiah<\/strong> (priestly and royal),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a final battle between the \u201csons of light\u201d and the \u201csons of darkness\u201d,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a purification radical of the Temple and the worship.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.4. \u201cZealots\u201d and revolutionary movements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Various groups, radicals (often it falls then under the label \u201czealots\u201d) saw the armed action as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cooperation with the plan of God,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>prelude to the release messianic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The messianic hope here takes the form of:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>a warlord warrior<\/strong> you eject to Rome,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a revolt santa legitimated by the faith in the divine promise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5. \u201cThe common people\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For most people, outside of the intellectual elites:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The image of the Messiah fed:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the <strong>public reading of the prophets<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>prayers in the synagogue<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>popular expectations<\/strong> in the face of oppression.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Probably predominated ideas such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cGod send you a descendant of David\u201d,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cthere will come a righteous king who will destroy the enemies and bring peace to Israel,\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cyou will restore the kingdom and in times of David and Solomon\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Not all what they thought in terms finely theological; it was, above all, <strong>a concrete hope of liberation and justice<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. How they lived the messianic faith in practice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Beyond the models of doctrine, the <strong>\u201cmessianic faith\u201d<\/strong> in the day-to-day is expressed in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prayers and psalms<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Requests:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>deliverance from enemies,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>restoration of Jerusalem,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>coming of a just king.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Texts such as <strong>Psalms of Solomon<\/strong> they are prayers that reflect the anguish policy and the hope for a davidic king holy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reading of the prophets<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Passages from Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel rele\u00edan in the light of the current situation:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the \u201csprout of David\u201d,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cthe servant of the Lord\u201d,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the \u201cnew covenant\u201d,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the \u201cnew Jerusalem,\u201d etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Practices of purity and adherence to the Torah<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For many, prepare for the coming of the Messiah meant:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>live in holiness,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>strictly observe the commandments,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>separated from the impurity (as in Qumran).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Eschatological hope<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Belief in a <strong>change of era<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cthis world \/ this was\u201d under oppression,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cthe future era\u201d under the reign of God and his Messiah.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Speeches and rumors messianic<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Charismatic leaders could be seen as potential \u201cmessiah\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This explains why the roman authorities and the leadership of the Temple was viewed with suspicion the whole agitation prophetic or popular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary: faith in the Messiah, was, for broad sectors, <strong>the way you keep on believing the promises of God in the midst of frustration historical<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. The end of the period: Jesus and the christian interpretation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the final stretch of the Second Temple (first century and. c.) emerges:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A <strong>judaism becoming more and more diversified<\/strong>with multiple forms of piety and of interpretation of the Torah.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In this context, <strong>Jesus of Nazareth<\/strong> it is presented by its supporters as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the <strong>Messiah, the davidic<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>prophet<\/strong> final,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>Son of Man<\/strong> apocalyptic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>The suffering servant<\/strong> of Isaiah.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to emphasize:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Primitive christianity <strong>not invented from scratch the idea of Messiah<\/strong>but:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>selects and combines <strong>several threads<\/strong> already existing in the judaism of the Second Temple,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the reinterpreted from the experience of the death and resurrection of Jesus,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and the universalized into the nations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>After the destruction of the Temple in 70 e. c., both rabbinic judaism and christianity:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rearranged his theology:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>judaism<\/strong> kept waiting for a <strong>Messiah future<\/strong>but without a Temple, puts the emphasis on the <strong>Torah and the synagogue<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>christianity<\/strong> asserts that the Messiah already came (Jesus) and awaited their return.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Synthesis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you focus on a single overview:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>There was not a single official doctrine<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Had <strong>hope messianic plural<\/strong>sometimes complementary, sometimes in tension.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Common core<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>God <strong>he has not abandoned Israel<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>God <strong>will fulfill his promises to David and the people<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the future (sometimes imminent, sometimes distant) God <strong>intervene<\/strong> by:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a royal anointed one (a descendant of David),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and\/ or a high priest ideal,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and\/or a final prophet,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and traditions of apocalyptic, a figure in heaven, who judges and queen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Content of the hope<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Restoration of the kingdom of Israel and of Jerusalem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Purification of the Temple and the community.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Defeat of foreign powers, and of the wicked.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Establishment of justice, peace and the true observance of the Torah.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In many streams, resurrection and final judgment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Existential dimension of faith<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the midst of oppression and corruption, the figure of the Messiah focuses:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the <strong>yearning for historical justice<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>trust that God rules history<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>certainty that the prophetic promises will be fulfilled<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diversity concrete images<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Warrior king vs. king pacific and fair.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Political leader vs. spiritual leader\/priest.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Messiah single vs. two Messiah.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Messiah human vs. figure almost angelic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Messiah triumphant vs. possible outlines of a suffering Messiah.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words:<br>The messianic faith in the time of the Second Temple was not a simple outline, but <strong>a range of views that shared the same heart: the belief that God, through his \u201canointed one\u201d, would restore permanently to Israel, would purify the people and establish a just order and holy at the end of the story<\/strong>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La fe mesi\u00e1nica en la \u00e9poca del Segundo Templo<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":937,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345],"tags":[557,91],"class_list":{"0":"post-936","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-qumran","8":"tag-mashiaj","9":"tag-mesias"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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