{"id":979,"date":"2025-11-22T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-11-22T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=979"},"modified":"2025-12-08T21:39:48","modified_gmt":"2025-12-09T04:39:48","slug":"saduceos-origen-creencias-segundo-templo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/en\/saduceos-origen-creencias-segundo-templo\/","title":{"rendered":"The Sadducees: The powerful elite of the second Temple of Jerusalem"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u201cThe sadducees were the aristocracy of the Temple; powerful in Jerusalem, but not the hearts of the people.\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 (Synthesis of Flavius Josephus)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

1. Who were the sadducees?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The sadducees were a jewish sect elite<\/strong>, active from approximately century II. C. until the destruction of the Second Temple in the year 70 ce. C.<\/strong>. They were:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • A group religious and political<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Formed mainly by priests, high priests and aristocratic families of Jerusalem<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Closely linked to the Temple of Jerusalem<\/strong>, which controlled the cult and the administration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    After the destruction of the Temple in 70 ce. C. the group disappears from the story<\/strong> as an organized force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    2. Sources who speak of the sadducees<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    We do not keep any written own<\/strong> of the sadducees; all that we know comes from external sources, often hostile:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Flavius Josephus<\/strong> (s. I. d. C.)\n
        \n
      • Jewish antiquities<\/em> and The war of the jews<\/em> described as a sect aristocratic, influential, but not very popular among the people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • New Testament<\/strong>\n
          \n
        • Listed in discussion with Jesus and the apostles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Key texts: Matthew 22; Mark 12; Luke 20; Acts 4 and 23. In Acts 23:8 summarizes his basic doctrine: \u201cthe sadducees say there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Rabbinic literature (Mishnah and Talmud)<\/strong>\n
            \n
          • In a controversy with the pharisees, especially on Oral Law<\/strong> and ritual purity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Examples: Mishnah Yad\u00e1yim 4; other references in Yevamot, Meguil\u00e1, etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Texts from Qumran (Dead Sea)<\/strong>\n
              \n
            • Probably refer to them indirectly, under symbolic names (for example, \u201cManasseh\u201d) as an aristocratic group unfaithful to the covenant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
              \n\n\n\n

              3. Historical origin and development<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

              3.1 Context: from hellenism to the asmoneos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • After Alexander the Great (fourth century a. C.), Judea goes in an environment strongly hellenised<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • The revolt of the Maccabees<\/strong> (II century a. Bc) against the seleucids gives rise to the dynasty asmonea<\/strong> (approx. 140-63 to. C.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • In this context arise organized groups<\/strong>: pharisees, sadducees, essenes, and later the zealots.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                Scholars place the rise of the sadducees<\/strong> at precisely the time asmonea, as the party of official priesthood and the aristocracy<\/strong> linked to the Temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                3.2 Relationship with the priests house of Zadok<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                There are several theories on the origin of the name<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • The most common, derived from Zadok (Tzadok)<\/strong>the high priest in the time of Solomon, whose lineage was considered legitimate for the office.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Others connect it with the Hebrew root \u05e6\u05d3\u05e7, \u201cright\u201d, reinforcing the idea of \u201cthe righteous \/ correct\u201d<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  There is not unanimity, but the link with the priestly aristocracy of Jerusalem<\/strong> it is indisputable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  3.3 roman Era and the rise of political<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • With the roman conquest (63 to. C.) and then the reign of Herod the Great<\/strong> (37-4 to. C.), the sadducees maintained as useful partners of roman power<\/strong>:\n
                      \n
                    • Manage the Temple.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Participate in the Sanhedrin<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Positions of government and political mediation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      Its real strength is based on three pillars:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \n
                      1. Control Temple<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      2. Control of charges priestly and political<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      3. Support (or tolerance) of the authorities hellenistic and roman<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u201cDo not believe in the resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit.\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 Acts 23:8<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

                        \n\n\n\n

                        4. Social Base: who belonged to the sadducees?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                          \n
                        • High aristocracy of Jerusalem<\/strong>: rich families, landowners, large traders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Priests and high priests<\/strong>: not all of the priests were sadducees, but the core of leadership itself.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Small group numerically<\/strong>:\n
                            \n
                          • Flavius Josephus insists that they had not had the support of the people<\/strong>; they were the elite, while the most popular sympathized with the pharisees.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                            In summary: few, rich, very powerful<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n\n\n\n

                            5. Beliefs and doctrine of the sadducees<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                            5.1 Writing vs. Tradition: a rejection of the Oral Law<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                            Crucial point:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \n
                            • The sadducees only recognised the authority of the written Torah<\/strong> (the five books of Moses).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Rejected Oral Law<\/strong> farisea (traditions for interpreting and regulations handed down by the rabbis).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                              Implications:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n
                              • Where the pharisees expanded the law with interpretations, the sadducees pay to the literal text<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • This resulted in disputes on matters of purity, sacrifices, inheritance, punishment and calendar<\/strong>, among others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                5.2 Resurrection, the angels and the spiritual world<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                The trait theological most well-known:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \n
                                • They denied the resurrection of the dead<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • They denied the existence of angels and spirits<\/strong> as entities personal, at least in the sense that it is accepted by the pharisees and christians.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                  This is based on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                    \n
                                  • Acts 23:8: \u201cthe sadducees say there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit...\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Controversy with Jesus in the gospels (for example, the case of the woman married to seven brothers, which they used to ridicule the idea of resurrection).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                    His reasoning, according to the sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      \n
                                    • As there were a doctrine explicitly resurrection in the Torah<\/strong>they.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                      5.3 Free will, fate and retribution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                      Josephus describes three \u201cphilosophies\u201d beans: pharisees, sadducees, and essenes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        \n
                                      • The pharisees<\/strong> combined divine providence<\/strong> with human responsibility.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • The essenes<\/strong> tended to a vision of strong predestination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • The sadducees<\/strong>in contrast, denied the destination<\/strong> or a divine plan rigid: they insisted on the human free will<\/strong>without a strong scheme of retribution in an afterlife that they did not accept.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                        In practice, ethics, focused on the present life<\/strong>the ritual observance in the Temple, and the maintenance of social order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        5.4 ritual Purity, worship and Temple<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                        Given that controlled the Temple:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          \n
                                        • Were very strict<\/strong> in terms of the rules of worship and sacrifices according to the written Torah.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Distrusted innovations fariseas in terms of purity, that increased regulation beyond the biblical text.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                          For them, the heart of the religion<\/strong> was:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            \n
                                          1. The Temple of Jerusalem<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          2. The sacrifices<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          3. The festivities of pilgrimage<\/strong> (Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                            5.5 Relationship with the hellenism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                            The jewish sources and later some modern studies point out that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                              \n
                                            • Despite being conservative in religious (and keeping to the written Torah), as well as in social and cultural could be the relatively open to the hellenism<\/strong>accepting certain life-styles aristocratic greeks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                              This one remove from the actual even more of the common population, who saw it as a way of accommodation to foreign powers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                              \n

                                              \u201cWhile the pharisees taught in the synagogues, the sadducees ruled in the Temple.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

                                              \n\n\n\n

                                              6. Political role and conflicts with other groups<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                              6.1 In the Sanhedrin and in the government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                              The sadducees:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                \n
                                              • They had a central role in the Sanhedrin<\/strong> (the supreme council).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • Managed the domestic policy<\/strong> of Judea and the relationship with Rome.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                According to the sources, who were in charge of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  \n
                                                • Raise taxes (including taxes of the judaism of the diaspora).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Lead the army and defenses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Represent Judea to the imperial power.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                  6.2 Conflict with the pharisees<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                                  The large domestic polarization of the judaism of the Second Temple is pharisees vs. sadducees<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • Pharisees<\/strong>:\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • Popular support wide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                    • Emphasis on the Oral Law, without relying on the Temple for all religions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                    • Sadducees<\/strong>:\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • Elite priestly and economic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                      • Emphasis in the Temple, the written Torah and the established order.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                        Disputes involving:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • Legal issues specific (purity, backgrounds, sentences).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                        • Authority of interpretation: who decides how to apply the Torah?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                          Over time, after 70 d. C., the line farisea-rabbinic is the one that survives<\/strong> and gives origin to the rabbinical judaism classic; the vision saducea is extinguished.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                          6.3 Conflict with the essenes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                                          The texts of Qumran show a strong criticism against the elite priests of Jerusalem<\/strong>accusing her of corruption and infidelity to the covenant (those who identify with \u201cManasseh\u201d or similar).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                          Many scholars interpret that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • These attacks are aimed, in good measure, against the sadducees<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                          • The essenes would have been a splinter group of origin to the priesthood, which broke with the Temple controlled by them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                            6.4 Relationship with Jesus and the christian movement primitive<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                                            In the New Testament:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • The sadducees appear to confront Jesus primarily on the resurrection<\/strong> (Matthew 22; Mark 12; Luke 20).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                            • In Fact, oppose the apostles precisely by the preaching of the resurrection of Jesus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                              From the perspective of the early christians, the sadducees represented:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • The block of the power of the Temple<\/strong>, which did not accept the resurrection or the continuity of the Jesus movement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                              • The religious structure that will be exceeded<\/strong> after the destruction of the Temple.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                                                \n

                                                                \u201cThe power of the sadducees held in stone: while the Temple stood, they were on foot.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

                                                                \n\n\n\n

                                                                7. Disappearance after 70 d. C.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                                                The point break<\/strong> it is the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem<\/strong> by the romans in the year 70 ce. C., during the First Jewish War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                Consequences:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                1. Destruction of the Temple<\/strong> = demise of the axis institutional holding the sadducees (the sacrifices, the priesthood, administration).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                2. Slaughter and dispersion of the elite of Jerusalem, where it is concentrated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                3. Reorganization of judaism around the the rabbis, pharisees<\/strong> and the synagogues, not to the Temple.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                                                  This is why:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  • After 70 d. C. the references to the sadducees are rare and late.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                  • Do not register a continuity organized; as a group, fade out<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                    A few movements later, as certain karaitas<\/strong> in the Middle Ages, were accused of \u201csaduc\u00e9os\u201d by rejecting the Oral Law, but this is a accusation controversy<\/strong>, not a historical continuity directly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                    \n\n\n\n

                                                                    8. Importance of the sadducees in the history of judaism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                                                    Even if it disappears, your role is key to understand:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. The internal struggle for religious authority<\/strong> in the Second Temple:\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • Do you just Write?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                      • Or do you also an interpretative tradition (the Oral Law)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                      • The tension between elites collaborators and leadership popular<\/strong>:\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        • They are the classic example of aristocratic elite, templar and close to the imperial power<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                        • The change of axis in judaism<\/strong>:\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          • Judaism centered on the Temple and the sacrifices (world sadducean cultured)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                          • Judaism centered in the Torah, the interpretation of rabbinic and synagogue (the inheritance farisea).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                          • The context of the message of Jesus and of primitive christianity<\/strong>:\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            • Their discussions about the resurrection, eternal life, and authority of Scripture is best understood if one knows the position saducea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                                                                              \n\n\n\n

                                                                              9. Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                                                              To close, a quick scheme:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              • Chronology<\/strong>:\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • Source: time asmonea (II century a. C.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                • Apogee: time of Herod and the start of the roman dominion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                • Order: destruction of the Temple (70 ce. C.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                • Social Base<\/strong>:\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • Priests, high priests, families, aristocratic, rich, small in number but with great power.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                  • Doctrine<\/strong>:\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • Only the Written torah<\/strong> as the authority.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    • Rejection of the Oral Law<\/strong> farisea.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    • Denial of the resurrection<\/strong>, angels<\/strong> and spirits<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    • Emphasis on the free will<\/strong> and in the present life.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    • Religious practice<\/strong>:\n
                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      • Focus all on the Temple<\/strong> and the sacrifices.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                      • Defense of ritual and the status quo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                      • Policy<\/strong>:\n
                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        • Party elite priestly and government<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                        • Collaboration and negotiation with dominant powers (hellenistic and Rome).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                        • Relations with other groups<\/strong>:\n
                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          • In conflict with pharisees<\/strong> (The Oral law, doctrine, religious leadership).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                          • Criticized by essenes<\/strong> as priests are corrupt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                          • In tension with Jesus and the early church<\/strong> the theme of the resurrection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                                                            Saduceos: origen, creencias y desaparici\u00f3n de la \u00e9lite del Templo<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":980,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345],"tags":[498,591],"class_list":{"0":"post-979","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-qumran","8":"tag-saduceos","9":"tag-zadukim"},"yoast_head":"\nSaduceos: origen, creencias y desaparici\u00f3n de la \u00e9lite del Templo - La Mishn\u00e1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Historia y doctrina de los saduceos, la \u00e9lite sacerdotal del Segundo Templo que desapareci\u00f3 tras el a\u00f1o 70 d. 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