{"id":465,"date":"2025-08-03T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-08-03T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=465"},"modified":"2025-12-06T16:50:52","modified_gmt":"2025-12-06T23:50:52","slug":"targum-yerushalmi-estudio-completo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/es_es\/targum-yerushalmi-estudio-completo\/","title":{"rendered":"Targum Yerushalmi: cuando la Tor\u00e1 se volvi\u00f3 palabra viva en arameo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Empezamos con una frase c\u00e9lebre sobre el Targum Yerushalmi<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201cToda traducci\u00f3n es una resurrecci\u00f3n: lo que el texto calla, el esp\u00edritu del traductor lo hace volver a hablar\u00bb<\/strong>
\u2014 Inspirada en el pensamiento de Martin Buber<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Estudio completo del Targum Yerushalmi<\/strong> (tambi\u00e9n llamado \u201cTargum de Jerusal\u00e9n\u201d)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

1) Qu\u00e9 es y por qu\u00e9 tantos nombres<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Sentido general.<\/strong> \u201cTargum Yerushalmi\u201d designa los targumim occidentales<\/em> (palestinos) del Pentateuco: traducciones\u2013par\u00e1frasis en arameo occidental con amplias glosas midr\u00e1shicas. En la Edad Media, \u201cYerushalmi\u201d se abreviaba \u05ea\u05f4\u05d9 (TY)<\/strong>; m\u00e1s tarde, impresores leyeron mal esa sigla como \u201cTargum Yonat\u00e1n\u201d<\/strong>, atribuy\u00e9ndolo err\u00f3neamente a Jonat\u00e1n ben Uziel (quien, seg\u00fan Meguil\u00e1 3a, tradujo Nevi\u2019im<\/strong>, no la Tor\u00e1). Por eso, en la cr\u00edtica moderna el texto m\u00e1s difundido de este grupo se llama Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (TPsJ)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Familia textual.<\/strong> Bajo el r\u00f3tulo \u201cYerushalmi\/Palestino\u201d se distinguen hoy tres testigos principales del Pentateuco: Neofiti 1<\/strong>, los Fragment Targums<\/strong> (o Targumim Fragmentarios) y Pseudo-Jonathan<\/strong>. Comparten base occidental y capas exeg\u00e9ticas afines, pero no son id\u00e9nticos ni coet\u00e1neos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    2) Corpus y manuscritos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    2.1 Targum Pseudo-Jonathan<\/strong> (TPsJ)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Estado textual.<\/strong> Sobrevive en un solo manuscrito completo<\/strong> (British Library Add. 27031<\/strong>, copiado en Italia, s. XVI) y en la edici\u00f3n veneciana de 1591<\/strong>, primera impresa (editio princeps<\/em>). Las ediciones modernas dependen de estos dos testigos.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Historia editorial.<\/strong> Publicado por M. Ginsburger<\/strong> (1903) y reeditado cr\u00edticamente en el s. XX (p.ej., Rieder). Hay facs\u00edmiles y reproducciones del impreso veneciano disponibles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      2.2 Fragment Targums<\/strong> y Geniz\u00e1 de El Cairo<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Fragmentarios.<\/strong> Conjunto de fragmentos palestinos (a veces llamados Targum Yerushalmi II\/III<\/em>), preservados en c\u00f3dices y en la Geniz\u00e1 de Fustat<\/strong>; fundamentales para reconstruir la tradici\u00f3n palestina previa a las copias tard\u00edas. Ediciones y cat\u00e1logos clave: Michael L. Klein<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Contexto Geniz\u00e1.<\/strong> La Geniz\u00e1 de El Cairo (Ben Ezra, Fustat) aport\u00f3 miles de fragmentos medievales, incluidos targumim palestinos, que afinan la historia textual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        3) Lengua y dataci\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • Dialecto.<\/strong> Arameo occidental tard\u00edo<\/strong> (a menudo clasificado como Late Jewish Literary Aramaic<\/em> con rasgos galileos), distinto del arameo oriental de Onquelos<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Dataci\u00f3n del TPsJ.<\/strong> La obra es compuesta y estratificada<\/strong>: incorpora materiales antiguos (talm\u00fadicos y midr\u00e1shicos) pero su redacci\u00f3n final es tard\u00eda<\/strong>. La investigaci\u00f3n moderna la sit\u00faa despu\u00e9s de las conquistas isl\u00e1micas<\/strong> (fechas propuestas entre s. IV\u2013XII; mayor\u00eda: alta Edad Media), con hip\u00f3tesis de reelaboraci\u00f3n en Italia (s. XII en adelante)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          4) Perfil exeg\u00e9tico y literario<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • Traducci\u00f3n + par\u00e1frasis.<\/strong> No es una versi\u00f3n \u201cliteral\u201d sino una par\u00e1frasis midr\u00e1shica<\/strong> que inserta halaj\u00e1, aggad\u00e1<\/em>, genealog\u00edas amplificadas, glosas cosmol\u00f3gicas y notas pol\u00e9mico-did\u00e1cticas. Suele armonizar el hebreo con tradiciones rab\u00ednicas posteriores (p.ej., Midrash Rabbah<\/em>), y en pasajes clave ofrece lecturas teol\u00f3gicas desarrolladas (Creaci\u00f3n, Ed\u00e9n, Aqed\u00e1, Sina\u00ed).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Comparaci\u00f3n interna.<\/strong>\n
              \n
            • Onquelos<\/strong>: m\u00e1s literal, dialecto oriental, uso lit\u00fargico normativo en el \u00e1mbito babil\u00f3nico.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Neofiti\/Fragmentarios<\/strong>: comparten perfil palestino; a menudo m\u00e1s cercanos<\/strong> a tradiciones tempranas que ciertas expansiones tard\u00edas de TPsJ.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              5) Uso, recepci\u00f3n y atribuciones<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • En la Edad Media.<\/strong> Autores italianos conocieron dos \u201cYerushalmi\u201d completos (uno llamado err\u00f3neamente \u201cYonat\u00e1n\u201d), y la confusi\u00f3n TY = Yerushalmi\/Yonat\u00e1n<\/strong> se consolid\u00f3 en impresos post-medievales. La erudici\u00f3n moderna reestableci\u00f3 la nomenclatura Pseudo-Jonathan<\/strong> para el Pentateuco.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Funci\u00f3n.<\/strong> Aunque no<\/strong> fue el targum lit\u00fargico est\u00e1ndar, circul\u00f3 como herramienta escolar y exeg\u00e9tica<\/strong>, influyendo en comentarios y compendios devocionales; su densidad midr\u00e1shica lo hac\u00eda \u00fatil para la catequesis<\/strong> y la homil\u00e9tica<\/strong>. (Inferencia basada en su perfil y en su conservaci\u00f3n editorial).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                6) Temas y rasgos caracter\u00edsticos del TPsJ<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • Interpolaciones amplias<\/strong> que conectan Tor\u00e1 con tradiciones rab\u00ednicas (p.ej., ampliaciones en G\u00e9n 3<\/strong>, \u00c9x 12<\/strong>, Deut 6<\/strong>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Colorido palestino<\/strong>: toponimia y costumbres de Eretz Israel; ocasionales calcos del Talmud Yerushalmi<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Capas<\/strong>: rastros de Onquelos<\/strong> y de un \u201cTargum Palestino antiguo\u201d<\/strong> subyacente, sobre los que se montan ampliaciones m\u00e1s recientes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  7) Valor hist\u00f3rico-filol\u00f3gico<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • Para la historia del juda\u00edsmo occidental<\/strong>: revela c\u00f3mo se ense\u00f1aba y explicaba<\/strong> la Tor\u00e1 en medios palestinos y mediterr\u00e1neos tardomedievales.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Para la historia del arameo<\/strong>: conserva arameo occidental tard\u00edo<\/strong> con rasgos \u00fatiles para la dialectolog\u00eda (frente a la norma oriental de Onquelos).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Para la cr\u00edtica b\u00edblica<\/strong>: muestra ex\u00e9gesis sinagogal<\/strong> viva: traducci\u00f3n pedag\u00f3gica, teolog\u00eda narrativa y pol\u00e9mica interreligiosa latente en algunos pasajes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n

                    Conclusi\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                    Bajo el nombre Targum Yerushalmi<\/strong> conviven varios testigos del Pentateuco. El m\u00e1s difundido, TPsJ<\/strong>, es una par\u00e1frasis aramea occidental<\/strong> con fuertes capas midr\u00e1shicas<\/strong> y redacci\u00f3n final tard\u00eda<\/strong>. Su valor no es fijar el \u201ctexto hebreo\u201d, sino mostrar c\u00f3mo se ense\u00f1\u00f3 y teologiz\u00f3 la Tor\u00e1<\/strong> en \u00e1mbitos occidentales, conservando una lengua y una ex\u00e9gesis que equilibran tradici\u00f3n antigua con reelaboraci\u00f3n medieval.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Targum Yerushalmi: estudio completo y origen textual<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[344],"tags":[370],"class_list":{"0":"post-465","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-targumim","8":"tag-targum-yerushalmi"},"yoast_head":"\nTargum Yerushalmi: estudio completo y origen textual - La Mishn\u00e1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Estudio completo del Targum Yerushalmi: manuscritos, dialecto, variantes y perfil midr\u00e1shico del Targum Pseudo-Jonathan y sus tradiciones.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/es_es\/targum-yerushalmi-estudio-completo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Targum Yerushalmi: estudio completo y origen textual - 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