{"id":710,"date":"2025-10-01T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/?p=710"},"modified":"2025-12-16T19:22:59","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T02:22:59","slug":"midrash-tehilim-origen-estructura","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/es_es\/midrash-tehilim-origen-estructura\/","title":{"rendered":"Midrash Tehilim: Donde la poes\u00eda se convierte en profec\u00eda"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u201cLa oraci\u00f3n no cambia a Dios, cambia al que ora.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

1) Qu\u00e9 es y por qu\u00e9 importa<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Midrash Tehilim<\/strong> es un midrash agg\u00e1dico<\/strong> (homil\u00e9tico) sobre el Libro de los Salmos<\/strong>. Re\u00fane derashot (homil\u00edas), glosas vers\u00edculo-a-vers\u00edculo y materiales narrativos (par\u00e1bolas, proverbios, relatos) usados para predicar, ense\u00f1ar teolog\u00eda y \u00e9tica, y vincular los Salmos con ciclos lit\u00fargicos y realidades hist\u00f3ricas. Desde la Edad Media circul\u00f3 bajo el nombre \u201cSho\u1e25er Tov\u201d<\/strong> por su incipit (Prov 11:27), y fue una de las colecciones homil\u00e9ticas m\u00e1s citadas por exegetas medievales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Estructura y alcance textual<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Dos secciones<\/strong> diferenciadas por lengua\/estilo y por transmisi\u00f3n textual:\n
      \n
    • Parte I (Sal 1\u2013118)<\/strong>: es el \u201cn\u00facleo\u201d antiguo y el \u00fanico tramo presente en todos los manuscritos y en la princeps<\/strong> (Constantinopla, 1512).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Parte II (Sal 119\u2013150)<\/strong>: suplemento posterior<\/strong>; en muchas fuentes medievales faltan<\/strong> homil\u00edas para 96\u201398 y hay lagunas<\/strong> y materiales tomados de Yalqut Shimoni<\/strong> (p.ej., 122\u2013137), lo que explica ausencias como 123 y 131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Rasgos formales: aperturas con f\u00f3rmulas tipo \u201ccomo dice la Escritura<\/strong>\u201d, derash basados en qer\u00e9\/ketiv<\/strong>, graf\u00edas plenas\/defectivas<\/strong>, gematr\u00eda<\/strong>, notarik\u00f3n<\/strong> y lecturas al-tikr\u00e9<\/strong>; tambi\u00e9n inter\u00e9s por numerolog\u00eda (conteos de secciones\/versos).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      3) Dataci\u00f3n y procedencia (lo que sabemos y lo que no)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Edici\u00f3n\/redacci\u00f3n de la Parte I (Sal 1\u2013118):<\/strong> composici\u00f3n final entre los siglos VII\u2013IX<\/strong>, sobre materiales m\u00e1s antiguos (\u00e9poca talm\u00fadica). La cr\u00edtica (Zunz, Buber y sucesores) sit\u00faa su origen palestino<\/strong> por lengua y fuentes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Suplemento (Sal 119\u2013150):<\/strong> compilado en el siglo XIII<\/strong> con extractos de Yalqut Shimoni y adiciones editoriales; su autor\u00eda precisa es discutida en la erudici\u00f3n cl\u00e1sica.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Citas medievales tempranas<\/strong> (s. XI) prueban su circulaci\u00f3n: Nathan de Roma, R. Isaac b. Yehud\u00e1 ibn Ghayyat y Rashi<\/strong> lo citan reiteradamente.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Conclusi\u00f3n metodol\u00f3gica: no es obra de un \u00fanico redactor<\/strong>; hay capas y duplicaciones de motivos a lo largo del corpus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        \n

        \u201cCuando el coraz\u00f3n se quiebra ante el Creador, se abre una puerta que ni los \u00e1ngeles pueden cerrar.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

        4) Transmisi\u00f3n: manuscritos y ediciones<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • Manuscritos:<\/strong> Buber localiz\u00f3 seis<\/strong> que terminan en Sal 118<\/strong>; solo dos<\/strong> atestiguan un fragmento breve sobre Sal 119 previa a Abraham Proven\u00e7al.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Impresos:<\/strong>\n
            \n
          • Constantinopla, 1512<\/strong>: primera edici\u00f3n, solo Sal 1\u2013118<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Sal\u00f3nica, 1515<\/strong>: a\u00f1ade el suplemento 119\u2013150<\/strong> (con dos salmos ausentes), probablemente compilado de materiales externos; hay debate sobre el taller (algunas piezas pudieron imprimirse en Fez<\/strong>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Venecia, 1546<\/strong> y reimpresiones posteriores. Edici\u00f3n cr\u00edtica<\/strong> de Salom\u00f3n Buber<\/strong> (Vilna, 1891) con introducci\u00f3n comparativa y aparato; sigue siendo referencia textual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Traducci\u00f3n moderna clave:<\/strong> William G. Braude<\/strong>, The Midrash on Psalms<\/em> (Yale Judaica Series, 2 vols., 1959) \u2014primera traducci\u00f3n completa al ingl\u00e9s, con notas y referencias.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            5) Contenidos y m\u00e9todos exeg\u00e9ticos<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • Homil\u00edas<\/strong>: conectan vers\u00edculos de Salmos con otros pasajes b\u00edblicos para temas teol\u00f3gicos (providencia, recompensa\/castigo, Israel y las naciones), \u00e9ticos (honestidad, humildad, m\u00e9ritos de la caridad) y lit\u00fargicos (Shabat, festividades).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • T\u00e9cnicas<\/strong>: gematr\u00eda, notarik\u00f3n, variaciones voc\u00e1licas, comparaci\u00f3n de lecturas, y proemios<\/strong> que abren desde otro vers\u00edculo hacia el salmo comentado (\u201cpeti\u1e25t\u00e1\u201d homil\u00e9tica).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Narrativa<\/strong>: abundan par\u00e1bolas<\/strong> y relatos<\/strong> (p.ej., an\u00e9cdotas sobre Adriano o la leyenda de R\u00f3mulo y Remo en clave ejemplar). Tambi\u00e9n proverbios exclusivos (\u201clas paredes tienen o\u00eddos<\/strong>\u201d) y usos consuetudinarios (p.ej., no beber agua en Shabat antes de la noche, seg\u00fan ciertas tradiciones).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Pol\u00e9mica y capas<\/strong>: estudios recientes detectan estratos editoriales<\/strong> y pasajes con polemia interreligiosa<\/strong> (p. ej., en torno al Sal 22), \u00fatiles para dataci\u00f3n interna y contexto socio-religioso.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Tono y lenguaje<\/strong>: estil\u00edsticamente se lo considera uno de los midrashim agg\u00e1dicos m\u00e1s bellos<\/strong>, por su lenguaje elevado<\/strong> y \u201ccolorido\u201d tem\u00e1tico.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              6) Relaci\u00f3n con otros midrashim y con la liturgia<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • Dialoga con Pesiqta Rabbati<\/strong>, Sifr\u00e9<\/strong>, N\u00fameros Rab\u00e1<\/strong>, Talmud Bavl\u00ed<\/strong>, y es fuente\/derivado<\/strong> con Yalqut Shimoni<\/strong> en varios tramos del suplemento.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Su uso lit\u00fargico-homil\u00e9tico<\/strong> medieval explica la impronta pedag\u00f3gica (m\u00e1ximas, mashal\/nimshal) y su presencia en la predicaci\u00f3n sinagogal<\/strong> sobre salmos muy orados (p. ej., 23, 27, 90).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                \n

                \u201cEl canto de David no es un eco del pasado: es el alma de Israel que sigue hablando en cada generaci\u00f3n.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

                7) Estado del texto y problemas cr\u00edticos<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • L\u00edmites del \u201ctexto verdadero\u201d<\/strong>: para muchos fil\u00f3logos, Midrash Tehilim<\/em> aut\u00e9ntico<\/strong> = Sal 1\u2013118; lo restante es suplemento<\/strong> (con materiales de Yalqut y reconstrucciones editoriales posteriores). Buber reconstruy\u00f3<\/strong> salmos faltantes (p. ej., 123 y 131) trayendo piezas de otros midrashim para cubrir todo el salterio en su edici\u00f3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Vacancias y variantes<\/strong>: psalmos 96\u201398<\/strong> faltan en varios mss.; 119<\/strong> tiene apenas un fragmento en pocos testigos; lecturas duplicadas<\/strong> muestran compilaci\u00f3n por capas<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  8) Temas teol\u00f3gicos y \u00e9ticos recurrentes<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • Teodicea y protesta reverente<\/strong>: el midrash legitima la queja<\/strong> fiel ante el sufrimiento hist\u00f3rico de Israel, ampliando o reubicando la protesta incluso en salmos no pol\u00e9micos. (Balance cuantitativo reciente: ~10,5%<\/strong> de unidades con protesta).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Tor\u00e1 y m\u00e9rito<\/strong>: estudio, caridad y humildad como v\u00edas de protecci\u00f3n\/exp\u00edo.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Israel y las naciones<\/strong>: lecturas que contrastan idolatr\u00eda\/justicia; en capas tard\u00edas aparecen resonancias pol\u00e9micas<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Liturgia y pr\u00e1ctica<\/strong>: glosas que inciden en costumbres de Shabat y piedad cotidiana.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n

                    Conclusi\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                    Midrash Tehilim<\/strong> es una antolog\u00eda homil\u00e9tica estratificada<\/strong>: su n\u00facleo (1\u2013118)<\/strong> es tardoantiguo, su suplemento (119\u2013150)<\/strong> medieval; combina t\u00e9cnica exeg\u00e9tica cl\u00e1sica, par\u00e1bola y \u00e9tica, y dej\u00f3 huella perdurable en la predicaci\u00f3n y en la lectura jud\u00eda de los Salmos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Midrash Tehilim: origen, estructura y significado<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":711,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[343],"tags":[462,463],"class_list":{"0":"post-710","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-midrashim","8":"tag-midrash-tehilim","9":"tag-salmos"},"yoast_head":"\nMidrash Tehilim: origen, estructura y significado - La Mishn\u00e1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Qu\u00e9 es el Midrash Tehilim, su estructura, dataci\u00f3n y temas clave en la ex\u00e9gesis jud\u00eda de los Salmos y su interpretaci\u00f3n m\u00edstica.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lamishna.com\/es_es\/midrash-tehilim-origen-estructura\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Midrash Tehilim: origen, estructura y significado - 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